Economics and Equity of Large Language Models: Health Care Perspective

Radha Nagarajan   ¹ , PhD ;   Midori Kondo   ² , MHA, PharmD ;   Franz Salas   ³ , MBA ;   Emre Sezgin   ⁴ , PhD ;   Yuan Yao   ⁵ , BSE ;   Vanessa Klotzman   ⁶ , MS ;   Sandip A Godambe   ⁷ , MD ;   Naqi Khan   ⁸ , MD, MS ;   Alfonso Limon   ⁷ , PhD ;   Graham Stephenson   ⁹ , MD ;   Sharief Taraman   ¹⁰ , MD ;   Nephi Walton   ¹¹ , MD ;   Louis Ehwerhemuepha   ⁷ , PhD ;   Jay Pandit   ¹² , MD ;   Deepti Pandita   ⁹ , MD ;   Michael Weiss   ¹ , MD ;   Charles Golden   ¹ , MD ;   Adam Gold   ⁷ , MBA ;   John Henderson   ¹ , MBA ;   Angela Shippy   ¹³ , MD ;   Leo Anthony Celi   ¹⁴ , MD ;   William R Hogan   ¹⁵ , MD ;   Eric K Oermann   ¹⁶ , MD ;   Terence Sanger   ⁷ , MD, PhD ;   Steven Martel   ^{7, 17} , MD

¹ Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA, United States

² Fred Hutch Patient Care, Seattle, WA, United States

³ Amazon Web Services, Detroit, MI, United States

⁴ Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States

⁵ Amazon Web Services, San Francisco, CA, United States

⁶ University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States

⁷ Children’s Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA, United States

⁸ Amazon Web Services, Seattle, WA, United States

⁹ University of California Irvine Health, Irvine, CA, United States

¹⁰ Cognoa LLC, Palo Alto, CA, United States

¹¹ National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States

¹² Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States

¹³ Amazon Web Services, Houston, TX, United States

¹⁴ Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States

¹⁵ Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States

¹⁶ NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States

¹⁷ Physicians Specialty Faculty, Orange, CA, United States