Unlocking the Secrets Behind Advanced Artificial Intelligence Language Models in Deidentifying Chinese-English Mixed Clinical Text: Development and Validation Study

You-Qian Lee   ^{1, 2 *} , ME ;   Ching-Tai Chen   ^{3, 4 *} , PhD ;   Chien-Chang Chen   ⁵ , PhD ;   Chung-Hong Lee   ⁶ , PhD ;   Peitsz Chen   ⁷ , BS ;   Chi-Shin Wu   ⁸ , MD ;   Hong-Jie Dai   ^{2, 9, 10, 11} , PhD

¹ Dialogue System Technical Department, Intelligent Robot, Asustek Computer Inc, Taipei, Taiwan

² Intelligent System Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

³ Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan

⁴ Center for Precision Health Research, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan

⁵ Electromagnetic Sensing Control and AI Computing System Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

⁶ Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

⁷ Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

⁸ National Center for Geriatrics and Welfare Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan

⁹ National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan

¹⁰ Herston Imaging Research Facility, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

¹¹ Center for Big Data Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

*these authors contributed equally