This paper is in the following e-collection/theme issue:

Digital Health Reviews (1724) Mobile Health (mhealth) (3464) Generative Language Models Including ChatGPT (708) Theme Issue 2022: Chatbots and COVID-19 (42) Chatbots and Conversational Agents (740)

Published on in Vol 25 (2023)

This is a member publication of University of Toronto

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/47217, first published .
Evaluation of the Current State of Chatbots for Digital Health: Scoping Review

Evaluation of the Current State of Chatbots for Digital Health: Scoping Review

Evaluation of the Current State of Chatbots for Digital Health: Scoping Review

Authors of this article:

Jia Xue1, 2, 3 Author Orcid Image ;   Bolun Zhang2, 3 Author Orcid Image ;   Yaxi Zhao2, 3 Author Orcid Image ;   Qiaoru Zhang3, 4 Author Orcid Image ;   Chengda Zheng3 Author Orcid Image ;   Jielin Jiang3 Author Orcid Image ;   Hanjia Li3 Author Orcid Image ;   Nian Liu3 Author Orcid Image ;   Ziqian Li3 Author Orcid Image ;   Weiying Fu3 Author Orcid Image ;   Yingdong Peng3 Author Orcid Image ;   Judith Logan5 Author Orcid Image ;   Jingwen Zhang6 Author Orcid Image ;   Xiaoling Xiang7 Author Orcid Image
Article Authors Cited by (46) Tweetations (9) Metrics

Journals

  1. Bragazzi N, Garbarino S. Assessing the Accuracy of Generative Conversational Artificial Intelligence in Debunking Sleep Health Myths: Mixed Methods Comparative Study With Expert Analysis. JMIR Formative Research 2024;8:e55762 View
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  3. Maaß L, Angoumis K, Freye M, Pan C. Mapping Digital Public Health Interventions Among Existing Digital Technologies and Internet-Based Interventions to Maintain and Improve Population Health in Practice: Scoping Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2024;26:e53927 View
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  5. Chow J, Li K. Ethical Considerations in Human-Centered AI: Advancing Oncology Chatbots Through Large Language Models. JMIR Bioinformatics and Biotechnology 2024;5:e64406 View
  6. Seretlo R, Smuts H, Mokgatle M. Development of an mHealth App by Experts for Queer Individuals’ Sexual-Reproductive Health Care Services and Needs: Nominal Group Technique Study. JMIR Formative Research 2024;8:e59963 View
  7. Bragazzi N, Garbarino S. The Complex Interaction Between Sleep-Related Information, Misinformation, and Sleep Health: Call for Comprehensive Research on Sleep Infodemiology and Infoveillance. JMIR Infodemiology 2024;4:e57748 View
  8. Li W, Shi H, Chen X, Lan J, Rehman A, Ge M, Shen L, Hu F, Jia Y, Li X, Chen H. Application of artificial intelligence in medical education: A meta-ethnographic synthesis. Medical Teacher 2025;47(7):1168 View
  9. Smutny P, Bojko M. Comparative Analysis of Chatbots Using Large Language Models for Web Development Tasks. Applied Sciences 2024;14(21):10048 View
  10. Rivera Rivera J, AuBuchon K, Smith M, Starling C, Ganacias K, Danielson A, Patchen L, Rethy J, Blumenthal H, Thomas A, Arem H. Development and Refinement of a Chatbot for Birthing Individuals and Newborn Caregivers: Mixed Methods Study. JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting 2024;7:e56807 View
  11. Flores Rojas S, Manzanares Cassia G, Castillo Navarro J, Gonzales Castilla A. IMPLEMENTACION DE CHATBOT MÓVIL EN LAS RESERVAS DE SOPORTE TÉCNICO DOMICILIARIO PARA EQUIPOS INFORMATICOS EN PAÍSES DE SUDAMÉRICA. Revista Científica de Informática ENCRIPTAR 2024;7(14):135 View
  12. Holmes G, Tang B, Gupta S, Venkatesh S, Christensen H, Whitton A. Applications of Large Language Models in the Field of Suicide Prevention: Scoping Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2025;27:e63126 View
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  14. Alabbas A, Alomar K. A Weighted Composite Metric for Evaluating User Experience in Educational Chatbots: Balancing Usability, Engagement, and Effectiveness. Future Internet 2025;17(2):64 View
  15. Edalat A, Hu R, Patel Z, Polydorou N, Ryan F, Nicholls D. Self-initiated humour protocol: a pilot study with an AI agent. Frontiers in Digital Health 2025;7 View
  16. Souza F, Bowman H, Yang F, Hesam‐Shariati N, Linke J, Gilanyi Y, Jones M, Z‐Pinto R, McAuley J, Rizzo R. Conversational Agents to Support Pain Management: A Scoping Review. European Journal of Pain 2025;29(5) View
  17. Savelidi M, Savelidis S, Christoforidis C, Kleitsas V, Tzanetopoulou A, Fasouraki R. Utilization of Artificial Intelligence Generated Virtual Research Participants (VRPs) in Empirical Research: A Case of an Interview with Two Young Individuals from Ancient Greece, Each 2470 Years Old. European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 2024:55 View
  18. Chen S, Wang S, Cheung D, Fang Y, Sun F, Mo P, Wang Z. Effectiveness of stage‐of‐change (SOC)‐tailored interventions in increasing uptake of any type of vaccination: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being 2025;17(2) View
  19. Abdelmoteleb S, Ghallab M, IsHak W. Evaluating the ability of artificial intelligence to predict suicide: A systematic review of reviews. Journal of Affective Disorders 2025;382:525 View
  20. Boetto H. Artificial Intelligence in Social Work: An EPIC Model for Practice. Australian Social Work 2025:1 View
  21. Khan M, Tarofder A, Gopinathan S, Haque A. Designing Authentic Customer-Chatbot Interactions: A Necessary Condition Analysis of Emotional Intelligence and Anthropomorphic Features in Human-Computer Interaction. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 2025;41(23):15179 View
  22. Karaba Bäckström M, Girdler S, Milbourn B, Lexén A. Needs and Preferences of Swedish Young Adults for a Digital App Promoting Mental Health Literacy, Occupational Balance, and Peer Support: Qualitative Interview Study. JMIR Formative Research 2025;9:e71563 View
  23. Keyaerts S, Szymanski M, Godderis L, Vanden Abeele V, Daenen L. Empowering Employees with Musculoskeletal Pain through a Mobile App: Mixed-Methods Pilot Study Evaluating Impact on Pain Perceptions, Pain Intensity, and Physical Activity (Preprint). JMIR Formative Research 2024 View
  24. Wang J, Min H, Li T, Li J, Jiang Y, Zhang J, Wu Y, Sun X. Women’s Preferences and Willingness to Pay for AI Chatbots in Women’s Health: Discrete Choice Experiment Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2025;27:e67303 View
  25. Ronsivalle V, Santonocito S, Cammarata U, Lo Muzio E, Cicciù M. Current Applications of Chatbots Powered by Large Language Models in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: A Systematic Review. Dentistry Journal 2025;13(6):261 View
  26. Liang X, Sun F, Zhang Q, Fang Y, Yu F, Ye D, Zhang B, Liao Q, Mo P, Wang Z. Chatbot-Delivered Stage of Change–Tailored Web-Based Intervention to Promote Physical Activity Among Inactive Community-Dwelling People Aged 65 years or More: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Research Protocols 2025;14:e68796 View
  27. Merrill K, Mikkilineni S, Dehnert M. Artificial intelligence chatbots as a source of virtual social support: Implications for loneliness and anxiety management. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2025;1549(1):148 View
  28. Lau C, Kupiec K, Livermore P. Exploring the Acceptance and Opportunities of Using a Specific Generative AI Chatbot to Assist Parents in Managing Pediatric Rheumatological Chronic Health Conditions: Mixed Methods Study. JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting 2025;8:e70409 View
  29. Rahmayanti I, Rokhman F, Mardikantoro H, Pristiwati R. Language, strategy, and influence: a pragmatic analysis of Indonesian YouTube influencers and their impact on social media. Cogent Arts & Humanities 2025;12(1) View
  30. Lai C, Ho W. Applying the technology acceptance model to examine factors influencing chatbot use in HPV prevention education among nursing students. BMC Nursing 2025;24(1) View
  31. Suresh S, Bhardwaj S, Rodrigues H, Charly D, Shekha T, Jessy A, Anirudhan A, Menesgere A, Issac T. Smartphone-Based Digital Health Interventions: A Comprehensive Systematic Review of Efficacy for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Outcomes. Journal of Medical Systems 2025;49(1) View
  32. Brennan K. Chatbots in Sexual and Reproductive Health: Bridging the Divide in Accessibility and Equity. Contraception 2025:111199 View
  33. Mondal H, Dash I, Mondal S, Varikasuvu S, Gayen R, Sharma S, Biri S. A systematic mapping review on the capability of large language models in drug-drug interaction analysis. Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology 2025;18(9):683 View
  34. Lim S, Yang Q, Meng J, Rains S. The role of communication in health-focused conversational AI: a review of systematic reviews examining conversational features, design characteristics, and interaction functions. Behaviour & Information Technology 2025:1 View
  35. Rafikova A, Voronin A. Evaluating Chatbot usability: Adaptation of the BUS-11 Questionnaire for a Russian-speaking sample. Experimental Psychology (Russia) 2025;18(3):194 View
  36. Martin C. Reframing Super-Utilization: A Complex Systems Review of Cost-Focused Interventions in High-Need, High-Cost Care—Radical Transformation Is Needed. Systems 2025;13(11):965 View
  37. Hua Y, Xia W, Bates D, Hartstein G, Kim H, Li M, Nelson B, Stromeyer IV C, King D, Suh J, Zhou L, Torous J. Standardizing and Scaffolding Health Care AI-Chatbot Evaluation: Systematic Review. JMIR AI 2025;4:e69006 View
  38. Chen S, Yu F, Fang Y, Yau J, Ng N, Zhang Q, Ni Z, Duong M, Sun F, Mo P, Wang Z. Chatbot-Delivered Real-Time Support to Improve HIV Self-Testing Rates. JAMA Network Open 2025;8(11):e2544821 View
  39. Alsaad A, Alanezi S, Kayed B. Melhim L. The Impact of Personalization on Perceived Uniqueness Neglect in Medical Chatbots: The Mediating Role of Perceived Competence and Empathy. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 2025:1 View

Books/Policy Documents

  1. Bangash S, Shah S, Adam M, Khan M, Ahmad M. Multifaceted Uses of Cutting-Edge Technologies and Social Concerns. View
  2. Rajput N, Diviit M, Singh S, Ojha M. Recent Trends in Artificial Intelligence and Data Sciences. View

Conference Proceedings

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  2. Aljawawdeh H, Dughmosh R, Almashaqbeh D, Alazzeh H, Aldroubi A. 2024 Global Digital Health Knowledge Exchange & Empowerment Conference (gDigiHealth.KEE). Smart Insulin Calculator: Technological Innovation for Type 1 Diabetes Management Revolutionising Insulin Management with Intelligent Health Technology View
  3. Degachi C, Dhar U, Niforatos E, Kortuem G. Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Towards a Domain Expert Evaluation Framework for Conversational Search in Healthcare View
  4. Zhao R, Yuan X. Companion Proceedings of the ACM on Web Conference 2025. AI in Healthcare for Resource Limited Settings: An Exploration and Ethical Evaluation View
  5. Egbe D, Brereton M, Ploderer B, Bayor A. Proceedings of the 37th Australian Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Supporting Social Interaction: Insights for Technology Designs to Foster Community Participant in Mild Dementia View