A Multimodality Machine Learning Approach to Differentiate Severe and Nonsevere COVID-19: Model Development and Validation

Yuanfang Chen   ^{1, 2 *} , MSc ;   Liu Ouyang   ^{3 *} , MD ;   Forrest S Bao   ^{4 *} , PhD ;   Qian Li   ^{5 *} , MD ;   Lei Han   ^{1, 6 *} , MD, PhD ;   Hengdong Zhang   ^{1, 6} , MD, PhD ;   Baoli Zhu   ^{1, 6, 7} , MSc ;   Yaorong Ge   ⁸ , PhD ;   Patrick Robinson   ⁹ , MD ;   Ming Xu   ^{1, 6, 9} , MD, PhD ;   Jie Liu   ¹⁰ , MD, PhD ;   Shi Chen   ^{9, 11} , PhD

¹ Public Health Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China

² Institute of HIV/AIDS/STI Prevention and Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China

³ Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

⁴ Department of Computer Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States

⁵ Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, China

⁶ Department of Occupational Disease Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China

⁷ School of Public health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

⁸ Department of Software and Information Systems, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States

⁹ Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States

¹⁰ Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

¹¹ School of Data Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States

*these authors contributed equally