Impact of Gold-Standard Label Errors on Evaluating Performance of Deep Learning Models in Diabetic Retinopathy Screening: Nationwide Real-World Validation Study

Yueye Wang   ^{1, 2 *} , Dr med ;   Xiaotong Han   ^{1 *} , PhD, Prof Dr Med ;   Cong Li   ¹ , Dr med ;   Lixia Luo   ¹ , PhD, Prof Dr Med ;   Qiuxia Yin   ¹ , MPH ;   Jian Zhang   ¹ , MD ;   Guankai Peng   ³ , BSc ;   Danli Shi   ^{2, 4} , PhD, Dr med ;   Mingguang He   ^{2, 4, 5} , PhD, Prof Dr Med

¹ State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China

² School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, China (Hong Kong)

³ Guangzhou Vision Tech Medical Technology Co, Ltd, Guangzhou, China

⁴ Research Centre for SHARP Vision, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, China (Hong Kong)

⁵ Centre for Eye and Vision Research, Hong Kong, China (Hong Kong)

*these authors contributed equally