Pitfalls in Developing Machine Learning Models for Predicting Cardiovascular Diseases: Challenge and Solutions

Yu-Qing Cai   ^{1 *} , BD ;   Da-Xin Gong   ^{2 *} , MD, PhD ;   Li-Ying Tang   ^{1 *} , BD ;   Yue Cai   ^{1 *} , BD ;   Hui-Jun Li   ³ , BD ;   Tian-Ci Jing   ² , MD ;   Mengchun Gong   ⁴ , MD ;   Wei Hu   ⁵ , MD ;   Zhen-Wei Zhang   ⁶ , MD ;   Xingang Zhang   ⁷ , PhD ;   Guang-Wei Zhang   ² , MD, PhD

¹ The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China

² Smart Hospital Management Department, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China

³ Shenyang Medical & Film Science and Technology Co, Ltd, Shenyang, China

⁴ Digital Health China Co, Ltd, Beijing, China

⁵ Bayi Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu, China

⁶ China Rongtong Medical & Healthcare Co, Ltd, Chengdu, China

⁷ Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China

*these authors contributed equally