Opt-In and Opt-Out Consent Procedures for the Reuse of Routinely Recorded Health Data in Scientific Research and Their Consequences for Consent Rate and Consent Bias: Systematic Review

Yvonne de Man   ^{1 *} , PhD ;   Yvonne Wieland-Jorna   ^{1 *} , MSc ;   Bart Torensma   ² , PhD ;   Koos de Wit   ³ , MD ;   Anneke L Francke   ^{1, 4} , Prof Dr ;   Mariska G Oosterveld-Vlug   ¹ , PhD ;   Robert A Verheij   ^{1, 5} , Prof Dr

¹ Nivel, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, Utrecht, Netherlands, The

² Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands, The

³ Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, Netherlands, The

⁴ Department of Public and Occupational Health, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands, The

⁵ Tranzo, School of Social Sciences and Behavioural Research, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands, The

*these authors contributed equally