Clinically Applicable Segmentation of Head and Neck Anatomy for Radiotherapy: Deep Learning Algorithm Development and Validation Study

Stanislav Nikolov   ^{1 *} , MEng ;   Sam Blackwell   ^{1 *} , MEng ;   Alexei Zverovitch   ^{2 *} , PhD ;   Ruheena Mendes   ³ , MB ChB ;   Michelle Livne   ² , PhD ;   Jeffrey De Fauw   ¹ , BSc ;   Yojan Patel   ² , BA ;   Clemens Meyer   ¹ , MSc ;   Harry Askham   ¹ , MSc ;   Bernadino Romera-Paredes   ¹ , PhD ;   Christopher Kelly   ² , PhD ;   Alan Karthikesalingam   ² , PhD ;   Carlton Chu   ¹ , PhD ;   Dawn Carnell   ³ , MD ;   Cheng Boon   ⁴ , MB ChB ;   Derek D'Souza   ³ , MSc ;   Syed Ali Moinuddin   ³ , MSc ;   Bethany Garie   ¹ , BMRSc (RT) ;   Yasmin McQuinlan   ¹ , BRT ;   Sarah Ireland   ¹ , BMRSc (RT) ;   Kiarna Hampton   ¹ , MPH ;   Krystle Fuller   ¹ , BAppSc (RT) ;   Hugh Montgomery   ⁵ , BSc, MB BS, MD ;   Geraint Rees   ⁵ , PhD ;   Mustafa Suleyman   ⁶ ;   Trevor Back   ¹ , PhD ;   Cían Owen Hughes   ^{2 *} , MBChB, MRCS, MSc ;   Joseph R Ledsam   ^{7 *} , MB ChB ;   Olaf Ronneberger   ^{1 *} , PhD

¹ DeepMind, London, United Kingdom

² Google Health, London, United Kingdom

³ University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom

⁴ Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom

⁵ University College London, London, United Kingdom

⁶ Google, London, United Kingdom

⁷ Google AI, Tokyo, Japan

*these authors contributed equally