Machine Learning–Based Early Warning Systems for Clinical Deterioration: Systematic Scoping Review

Sankavi Muralitharan   ^{1, 2} , MPharm, MSc ;   Walter Nelson   ^{1 *} , BSc ;   Shuang Di   ^{1, 3 *} , BSc, MEd, MSc ;   Michael McGillion   ^{4, 5} , BScN, PhD ;   PJ Devereaux   ^{5, 6} , MD, PhD, FRCPC ;   Neil Grant Barr   ⁷ , BA, MSc, PhD ;   Jeremy Petch   ^{1, 5, 8, 9} , HBA, MA, PhD

¹ Centre for Data Science and Digital Health, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada

² DeGroote School of Business, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

³ Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

⁴ School of Nursing, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

⁵ Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada

⁶ Departments of Health Evidence and Impact and Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

⁷ Health Policy and Management, DeGroote School of Business, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

⁸ Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

⁹ Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

*these authors contributed equally