This paper is in the following e-collection/theme issue:

Digital Health Reviews (1289) Artificial Intelligence (1371) Chatbots and Conversational Agents (531) Machine Learning (1465)

Published on in Vol 22, No 8 (2020): August

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/17158, first published .
Conversational Agents in Health Care: Scoping Review and Conceptual Analysis

Conversational Agents in Health Care: Scoping Review and Conceptual Analysis

Conversational Agents in Health Care: Scoping Review and Conceptual Analysis

Authors of this article:

Lorainne Tudor Car1, 2 Author Orcid Image ;   Dhakshenya Ardhithy Dhinagaran1 Author Orcid Image ;   Bhone Myint Kyaw1 Author Orcid Image ;   Tobias Kowatsch3, 4, 5 Author Orcid Image ;   Shafiq Joty6 Author Orcid Image ;   Yin-Leng Theng7 Author Orcid Image ;   Rifat Atun8 Author Orcid Image
Article Authors Cited by (246) Tweetations (7) Metrics

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  111. Langevin R, Berry A, Zhang J, Fockele C, Anderson L, Hsieh D, Hartzler A, Duber H, Hsieh G. Implementation Fidelity of Chatbot Screening for Social Needs: Acceptability, Feasibility, Appropriateness. Applied Clinical Informatics 2023;14(02):374 View
  112. Allan D. A mobile messaging-based conversational agent-led stress mindset intervention for New Zealand small-to-medium-sized enterprise owner-managers: effectiveness and acceptability study. Behaviour & Information Technology 2024;43(12):2785 View
  113. Martinengo L, Lin X, Jabir A, Kowatsch T, Atun R, Car J, Tudor Car L. Conversational Agents in Health Care: Expert Interviews to Inform the Definition, Classification, and Conceptual Framework. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2023;25:e50767 View
  114. Tung J, Lim D, Sng G. Potential safety concerns in use of the artificial intelligence chatbot ‘ChatGPT’ for perioperative patient communication. BJU International 2023;132(2):157 View
  115. Youn K, Cho M. Business types matter: new insights into the effects of anthropomorphic cues in AI chatbots. Journal of Services Marketing 2023;37(8):1032 View
  116. Cai L, Li J, Lv H, Liu W, Niu H, Wang Z. Integrating domain knowledge for biomedical text analysis into deep learning: A survey. Journal of Biomedical Informatics 2023;143:104418 View
  117. Ollier J, Suryapalli P, Fleisch E, Wangenheim F, Mair J, Salamanca-Sanabria A, Kowatsch T. Can digital health researchers make a difference during the pandemic? Results of the single-arm, chatbot-led Elena+: Care for COVID-19 interventional study. Frontiers in Public Health 2023;11 View
  118. Phiri M, Munoriyarwa A. Health Chatbots in Africa: Scoping Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2023;25:e35573 View
  119. Viduani A, Cosenza V, Fisher H, Buchweitz C, Piccin J, Pereira R, Kohrt B, Mondelli V, van Heerden A, Araújo R, Kieling C. Assessing Mood With the Identifying Depression Early in Adolescence Chatbot (IDEABot): Development and Implementation Study. JMIR Human Factors 2023;10:e44388 View
  120. Spagnolli A, Cenzato G, Gamberini L. Modeling the Conversation with Digital Health Assistants in Adherence Apps: Some Considerations on the Similarities and Differences with Familiar Medical Encounters. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2023;20(12):6182 View
  121. Passanante A, Pertwee E, Lin L, Lee K, Wu J, Larson H. Conversational AI and Vaccine Communication: Systematic Review of the Evidence. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2023;25:e42758 View
  122. Yang H, Wang F, Greenblatt M, Huang S, Zhang Y. AI Chatbots in Clinical Laboratory Medicine: Foundations and Trends. Clinical Chemistry 2023;69(11):1238 View
  123. Andrews N, Ireland D, Vijayakumar P, Burvill L, Hay E, Westerman D, Rose T, Schlumpf M, Strong J, Claus A. Acceptability of a Pain History Assessment and Education Chatbot (Dolores) Across Age Groups in Populations With Chronic Pain: Development and Pilot Testing. JMIR Formative Research 2023;7:e47267 View
  124. Corrêa J, Neto A, Pinto G, Lima L, Teles A. Lhia: A Smart Chatbot for Breastfeeding Education and Recruitment of Human Milk Donors. Applied Sciences 2023;13(12):6923 View
  125. Chow J, Blight V, Brown M, Glynn V, Lane B, Larkin A, Marshall S, Matthews P, Rowles M, Warner B. Curious thing, an artificial intelligence (AI)-based conversational agent for COVID-19 patient management. Australian Journal of Primary Health 2023;29(4):312 View
  126. Tan T, Roslan N, Li J, Zou X, Chen X, Santosa A. Patient Acceptability of Symptom Screening and Patient Education Using a Chatbot for Autoimmune Inflammatory Diseases: Survey Study. JMIR Formative Research 2023;7:e49239 View
  127. Lin X, Martinengo L, Jabir A, Ho A, Car J, Atun R, Tudor Car L. Scope, Characteristics, Behavior Change Techniques, and Quality of Conversational Agents for Mental Health and Well-Being: Systematic Assessment of Apps. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2023;25:e45984 View
  128. Allen J, Earp B, Koplin J, Wilkinson D. Consent GPT: Is It Ethical to Delegate Procedural Consent to Conversational AI?. SSRN Electronic Journal 2023 View
  129. Rollwage M, Habicht J, Juechems K, Carrington B, Viswanathan S, Stylianou M, Hauser T, Harper R. Using Conversational AI to Facilitate Mental Health Assessments and Improve Clinical Efficiency Within Psychotherapy Services: Real-World Observational Study. JMIR AI 2023;2:e44358 View
  130. Wutz M, Hermes M, Winter V, Köberlein-Neu J. Factors Influencing the Acceptability, Acceptance, and Adoption of Conversational Agents in Health Care: Integrative Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2023;25:e46548 View
  131. Allen J, Earp B, Koplin J, Wilkinson D. Consent-GPT: is it ethical to delegate procedural consent to conversational AI?. Journal of Medical Ethics 2024;50(2):77 View
  132. Nutbeam D. Artificial intelligence and health literacy—proceed with caution. Health Literacy and Communication Open 2023;1(1) View
  133. Nadarzynski T, Lunt A, Knights N, Bayley J, Llewellyn C. “But can chatbots understand sex?” Attitudes towards artificial intelligence chatbots amongst sexual and reproductive health professionals: An exploratory mixed-methods study. International Journal of STD & AIDS 2023;34(11):809 View
  134. Minian N, Mehra K, Rose J, Veldhuizen S, Zawertailo L, Ratto M, Lecce J, Selby P. Cocreation of a conversational agent to help patients adhere to their varenicline treatment: A study protocol. DIGITAL HEALTH 2023;9 View
  135. Ahaley S, Pandey A, Juneja S, Gupta T, Vijayakumar S. ChatGPT in medical writing: A game-changer or a gimmick?. Perspectives in Clinical Research 2024;15(4):165 View
  136. Wong R, Ming L, Raja Ali R. The Intersection of ChatGPT, Clinical Medicine, and Medical Education. JMIR Medical Education 2023;9:e47274 View
  137. van Heerden A, Bosman S, Swendeman D, Comulada W. Chatbots for HIV Prevention and Care: a Narrative Review. Current HIV/AIDS Reports 2023;20(6):481 View
  138. Takano E, Maruyama H, Takahashi T, Mori K, Nishiyori K, Morita Y, Fukuda T, Kondo I, Ishibashi Y. User Experience of Older People While Using Digital Health Technologies: A Systematic Review. Applied Sciences 2023;13(23):12815 View
  139. Kiuchi K, Otsu K, Hayashi Y. Psychological insights into the research and practice of embodied conversational agents, chatbots and social assistive robots: a systematic meta-review. Behaviour & Information Technology 2023:1 View
  140. Alanzi T, Almahdi R, Alghanim D, Almusmili L, Saleh A, Alanazi S, Alshobaki K, Attar R, Al Qunais A, Alzahrani H, Alshehri R, Sulail A, Alblwi A, Alanzi N, Alanzi N. Factors Affecting the Adoption of Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Virtual Assistants for Leukemia Self-Management. Cureus 2023 View
  141. Jabir A, Lin X, Martinengo L, Sharp G, Theng Y, Tudor Car L. Attrition in Conversational Agent–Delivered Mental Health Interventions: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2024;26:e48168 View
  142. Huang M, Ki E. Examining the Effect of Anthropomorphic Design Cues on Healthcare Chatbots Acceptance and Organization-Public Relationships: Trust in a Warm Human Vs. a Competent Machine. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 2023:1 View
  143. Ulrich S, Gantenbein A, Zuber V, Von Wyl A, Kowatsch T, Künzli H. Development and Evaluation of a Smartphone-Based Chatbot Coach to Facilitate a Balanced Lifestyle in Individuals With Headaches (BalanceUP App): Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2024;26:e50132 View
  144. Ding H, Simmich J, Vaezipour A, Andrews N, Russell T. Evaluation framework for conversational agents with artificial intelligence in health interventions: a systematic scoping review. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 2024;31(3):746 View
  145. Allen C, Neil G, Halbert C, Sterba K, Nietert P, Welch B, Lenert L. Barriers and facilitators to the implementation of family cancer history collection tools in oncology clinical practices. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 2024;31(3):631 View
  146. Schenker Y, Abdullah S, Arnold R, Schmitz K. Conversational Agents in Palliative Care: Potential Benefits, Risks, and Next Steps. Journal of Palliative Medicine 2024;27(3):296 View
  147. Llanes-Jurado J, Gómez-Zaragozá L, Minissi M, Alcañiz M, Marín-Morales J. Developing conversational Virtual Humans for social emotion elicitation based on large language models. Expert Systems with Applications 2024;246:123261 View
  148. Ni Z, Peng M, Balakrishnan V, Tee V, Azwa I, Saifi R, Nelson L, Vlahov D, Altice F. Implementation of Chatbot Technology in Health Care: Protocol for a Bibliometric Analysis. JMIR Research Protocols 2024;13:e54349 View
  149. Cuciniello M, Amorese T, Greco C, Carrión Z, Vogel C, Cordasco G, Esposito A. Cultural Differences in the Assessment of Synthetic Voices. International Journal of Neural Systems 2024;34(02) View
  150. Habicht J, Viswanathan S, Carrington B, Hauser T, Harper R, Rollwage M. Closing the accessibility gap to mental health treatment with a personalized self-referral chatbot. Nature Medicine 2024;30(2):595 View
  151. Erol Ö, Küçükkaya B, Yenici E. The effect of the intensive care unit nurse manpower on care behaviours and stress level on the nurses. Work 2024:1 View
  152. Cohen Rodrigues T, de Buisonjé D, Reijnders T, Santhanam P, Kowatsch T, Breeman L, Janssen V, Kraaijenhagen R, Atsma D, Evers A. Human cues in eHealth to promote lifestyle change: An experimental field study to examine adherence to self-help interventions. Internet Interventions 2024;35:100726 View
  153. Mirheidari B, Bell S, Harkness K, Blackburn D, Christensen H. Spoken language-based automatic cognitive assessment of stroke survivors. Language and Health 2024;2(1):32 View
  154. Amin S, Uyeda K, Pagano I, Tabangcura K, Taketa R, Terawaki Kawamoto C, Pokhrel P. Virtual Assistants’ Response to Queries About Nicotine Replacement Therapy: A Mixed-Method Analysis. Evaluation & the Health Professions 2024 View
  155. Elfimov D, Elfimova I, Kosterin M, Golubeva A, Andreeva O. Efficiency of Remote Monitoring of Rehabilitation of Patients after Myocardial Infarction. Bulletin of Rehabilitation Medicine 2023;22(6):55 View
  156. Rollwage M, Habicht J, Juchems K, Carrington B, Hauser T, Harper R. Conversational AI facilitates mental health assessments and is associated with improved recovery rates. BMJ Innovations 2024;10(1-2):4 View
  157. MALKAWI R. REVOLUTIONIZING DRUG DELIVERY INNOVATION: LEVERAGING AI-DRIVEN CHATBOTS FOR ENHANCED EFFICIENCY. International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics 2024:52 View
  158. Kim A, Park A, Song S, Hong J, Kim K. A Microlearning-Based Self-directed Learning Chatbot on Medication Administration for New Nurses. CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing 2024;42(5):343 View
  159. MacNeill A, MacNeill L, Yi S, Goudreau A, Luke A, Doucet S. Depiction of conversational agents as health professionals: a scoping review. JBI Evidence Synthesis 2024;22(5):831 View
  160. Balan R, Dobrean A, Poetar C. Use of automated conversational agents in improving young population mental health: a scoping review. npj Digital Medicine 2024;7(1) View
  161. Anisha S, Sen A, Bain C. Evaluating the Potential and Pitfalls of AI-Powered Conversational Agents as Humanlike Virtual Health Carers in the Remote Management of Noncommunicable Diseases: Scoping Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2024;26:e56114 View
  162. Bak M, Chin J. The potential and limitations of large language models in identification of the states of motivations for facilitating health behavior change. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 2024;31(9):2047 View
  163. Zou X, Na Y, Lai K, Liu G. Unpacking public resistance to health Chatbots: a parallel mediation analysis. Frontiers in Psychology 2024;15 View
  164. Cevasco K, Morrison Brown R, Woldeselassie R, Kaplan S. Patient Engagement with Conversational Agents in Health Applications 2016–2022: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Medical Systems 2024;48(1) View
  165. Laymouna M, Ma Y, Lessard D, Schuster T, Engler K, Lebouché B. Roles, Users, Benefits, and Limitations of Chatbots in Health Care: Rapid Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2024;26:e56930 View
  166. Collins L, Nicholson N, Lidbetter N, Smithson D, Baker P. Implementation of Anxiety UK’s Ask Anxia Chatbot Service: Lessons Learned. JMIR Human Factors 2024;11:e53897 View
  167. Nadarzynski T, Knights N, Husbands D, Graham C, Llewellyn C, Buchanan T, Montgomery I, Ridge D, Silva J. Achieving health equity through conversational AI: A roadmap for design and implementation of inclusive chatbots in healthcare. PLOS Digital Health 2024;3(5):e0000492 View
  168. Bonnaire J, Dumas G, Cassell J. Bringing together multimodal and multilevel approaches to study the emergence of social bonds between children and improve social AI. Frontiers in Neuroergonomics 2024;5 View
  169. Strzelecki A, Cicha K, Rizun M, Rutecka P. Acceptance and use of ChatGPT in the academic community. Education and Information Technologies 2024 View
  170. Kim M, Oh J, Kim D, Shin J, Lee D. Understanding User Preferences in Developing a Mental Healthcare AI Chatbot: A Conjoint Analysis Approach. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 2024:1 View
  171. Sezgin E, Kocaballi A, Dolce M, Skeens M, Militello L, Huang Y, Stevens J, Kemper A. Chatbot for Social Need Screening and Resource Sharing With Vulnerable Families: Iterative Design and Evaluation Study. JMIR Human Factors 2024;11:e57114 View
  172. Schlieter H, Gand K, Weimann T, Sandner E, Kreiner K, Thoma S, Liu J, Caprino M, Corbo M, Seregni A, Tropea P, Del Pino R, Gómez Esteban J, Gabilondo I, Lacraru A, Busnatu S. Designing Virtual Coaching Solutions. Business & Information Systems Engineering 2024;66(3):377 View
  173. Abubakar A, Gupta D, Parida S. A Reinforcement Learning Approach for Intelligent Conversational Chatbot For Enhancing Mental Health Therapy. Procedia Computer Science 2024;235:916 View
  174. Ulrich S, Lienhard N, Künzli H, Kowatsch T. A Chatbot-Delivered Stress Management Coaching for Students (MISHA App): Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 2024;12:e54945 View
  175. Fetrati H, Chan G, Orji R. Chatbots for Sexual Health Improvement: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 2024:1 View
  176. Li M, Guenier A. ChatGPT and Health Communication. International Journal of E-Health and Medical Communications 2024;15(1):1 View
  177. Fitzsimmons‐Craft E, Rackoff G, Shah J, Strayhorn J, D'Adamo L, DePietro B, Howe C, Firebaugh M, Newman M, Collins L, Taylor C, Wilfley D. Effects of Chatbot Components to Facilitate Mental Health Services Use in Individuals With Eating Disorders Following Online Screening: An Optimization Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2024;57(11):2204 View
  178. Ejaz H, Ali S, Berner J, Dobbs T, Whitaker I, Collaborative F. The “Flapbot”: A Global Perspective on the Validity and Usability of a Flap Monitoring Chatbot. Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery 2024 View
  179. Kashyap N, Sebastian A, Lynch C, Jansons P, Maddison R, Dingler T, Oldenburg B. Engagement With Conversational Agent–Enabled Interventions in Cardiometabolic Disease Management: Protocol for a Systematic Review. JMIR Research Protocols 2024;13:e52973 View
  180. Yin J, Goh T, Hu Y. Interactions with educational chatbots: the impact of induced emotions and students’ learning motivation. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education 2024;21(1) View
  181. Wang Y, Liang L, Li R, Wang Y, Hao C. Comparison of the Performance of ChatGPT, Claude and Bard in Support of Myopia Prevention and Control. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare 2024;Volume 17:3917 View
  182. Denecke K, Reichenpfader D, Willi D, Kennel K, Bonel H, Nairz K, Cihoric N, Papaux D, von Tengg-Kobligk H. Person-based design and evaluation of MIA, a digital medical interview assistant for radiology. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence 2024;7 View
  183. Laymouna M, Ma Y, Lessard D, Engler K, Therrien R, Schuster T, Vicente S, Achiche S, El Haj M, Lemire B, Kawaiah A, Lebouché B. Needs-Assessment for an Artificial Intelligence-Based Chatbot for Pharmacists in HIV Care: Results from a Knowledge–Attitudes–Practices Survey. Healthcare 2024;12(16):1661 View
  184. Mayer C, Mahal J, Geisel D, Geiger E, Staatz E, Zappel M, Lerch S, Ehrenthal J, Walter S, Ditzen B. User preferences and trust in hypothetical analog, digitalized and AI-based medical consultation scenarios: An online discrete choice survey. Computers in Human Behavior 2024;161:108419 View
  185. Karaturhan P, Orhan İ, Kuşcu K, Yantaç A. Informing the design of question-asking conversational agents for reflection. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 2024 View
  186. Babushkina D, de Boer B. Disrupted self, therapy, and the limits of conversational AI. Philosophical Psychology 2024:1 View
  187. Lee S, Yoon J, Cho Y, Chun J. A systematic review of chatbot-assisted interventions for substance use. Frontiers in Psychiatry 2024;15 View
  188. Dimeff L, Koerner K, Heard K, Ruork A, Kelley-Brimer A, Witterholt S, Lardizabal M, Clubb J, McComish J, Waghray A, Dowdy R, Asad-Pursley S, Ilac M, Lawrence H, Zhou F, Beadnell B. A Suicide Prevention Digital Technology for Individuals Experiencing an Acute Suicide Crisis in Emergency Departments: Naturalistic Observational Study of Real-World Acceptability, Feasibility, and Safety. JMIR Formative Research 2024;8:e52293 View
  189. Jin E, Ryoo Y, Kim W, Song Y. Bridging the health literacy gap through AI chatbot design: the impact of gender and doctor cues on chatbot trust and acceptance. Internet Research 2024 View
  190. Gutiérrez Maquilón R, Uhl J, Schrom-Feiertag H, Tscheligi M. GPT AI in Virtual Patient Facilitates Communication Training of Medical First Responders: A Usability Study in Mixed Reality Simulation (Preprint). JMIR Formative Research 2024 View
  191. MacNeill A, MacNeill L, Luke A, Doucet S. Health Professionals’ Views on the Use of Conversational Agents for Health Care: Qualitative Descriptive Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2024;26:e49387 View
  192. Yang F, Duque K, Mousas C. The Effects of Depth of Knowledge of a Virtual Agent. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 2024;30(11):7140 View
  193. Arigo D, Jake-Schoffman D, Pagoto S. The recent history and near future of digital health in the field of behavioral medicine: an update on progress from 2019 to 2024. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2024 View
  194. Li S, Chen M, Liu P, Xu J. Following Medical Advice of an AI or a Human Doctor? Experimental Evidence Based on Clinician-Patient Communication Pathway Model. Health Communication 2024:1 View
  195. Lachance A, Da S, Yameogo A, Plaisimond J, Naye F, Yousefi F, Bergeron F, Sasseville M, Gagnon M. Interactive Conversational Agents for Cigarette-Smoking and Vaping Cessation: A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction 2024;8(11):101 View

Books/Policy Documents

  1. Gamberini L, Pluchino P, Porto L, Zordan F, Monterosso A, Palanivel K, Fontanari A. HCI International 2021 - Posters. View
  2. Liu C, Zhang B, Peng G. Distributed, Ambient and Pervasive Interactions. View
  3. Davids J, Ashrafian H. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine. View
  4. Galitsky B. Artificial Intelligence for Healthcare Applications and Management. View
  5. Gupta J, Raychaudhuri N, Lee M. Machine Learning and Autonomous Systems. View
  6. Kowatsch T, Fleisch E. Connected Business. View
  7. Davids J, Ashrafian H. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine. View
  8. Datar S, Ferland L, Foo E, Kotlyar M, Holschuh B, Gini M, Michalowski M, Pakhomov S. AI for Disease Surveillance and Pandemic Intelligence. View
  9. Spagnolli A, Gamberini L, D’Agostini E, Cenzato G. Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2021. View
  10. Gibbons M, Shaihk Y, Ayalasomayajula F. Healthcare Information Management Systems. View
  11. Amantea I, Sulis E, Boella G, De Marchi F, Mazzini L, Alloatti F, Bolioli A. Ambient Assisted Living. View
  12. Moreno J, Sánchez-Anguix V, Alberola J, Julián V, Botti V. Hybrid Artificial Intelligent Systems. View
  13. Demetriadis S, Dimitriadis Y. Augmented Intelligence and Intelligent Tutoring Systems. View
  14. Langer H, Merkel S. Design, Operation and Evaluation of Mobile Communications. View
  15. Stević I, Vukmirović D, Vujović V, Marinković V. Innovation in Medicine and Healthcare. View
  16. Nakata T, Chen S, Saiki S, Nakamura M. Human Interface and the Management of Information. View
  17. Lal M, Neduncheliyan S. Design in the Era of Industry 4.0, Volume 1. View
  18. Basu B, Garala K, Prajapati B. Human‐Machine Interface. View
  19. Oh Y, Arias K, Auster-Gussman L, Graham S. Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health, Safety, Ergonomics and Risk Management. View
  20. Magni D. Design and Development of Emerging Chatbot Technology. View
  21. Wang X, Li Q. Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population. View
  22. Stipancic T, Koren L, Rosenberg D, Harwood T, Benic J. Social Computing and Social Media. View
  23. Gavros A, Demetriadis S, Tegos S. Generative Intelligence and Intelligent Tutoring Systems. View
  24. Moharana S, Washington G, Carrington P, Harrington C. Intelligent Systems and Applications. View
  25. Lal M, Neduncheliyan S. Machine Learning Algorithms. View