Virtual Patient Simulations in Health Professions Education: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by the Digital Health Education Collaboration

Andrzej A Kononowicz   ¹ , MSc, PhD ;   Luke A Woodham   ^{2, 3} , MSc ;   Samuel Edelbring   ^{3, 4, 5} , PhD ;   Natalia Stathakarou   ³ , MSc ;   David Davies   ⁶ , PhD ;   Nakul Saxena   ⁷ , PhD ;   Lorainne Tudor Car   ^{8, 9} , MD, MSc, PhD ;   Jan Carlstedt-Duke   ¹⁰ , MD, PhD ;   Josip Car   ^{11, 12} , MD, PhD, FRCPE, FFPH ;   Nabil Zary   ^{13, 14} , PhD

¹ Department of Bioinformatics and Telemedicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland

² Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education, St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom

³ Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

⁴ Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

⁵ Learning and Professional Development Group, School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

⁶ Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom

⁷ Health Services and Outcomes Research, National Healthcare Group, Singapore, Singapore

⁸ Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

⁹ Family Medicine and Primary Care, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore

¹⁰ President’s Office, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore

¹¹ Centre for Population Health Sciences, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore

¹² Global eHealth Unit, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

¹³ Games for Health Innovations Centre, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore

¹⁴ Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates