Finding Consensus on Trust in AI in Health Care: Recommendations From a Panel of International Experts

Georg Starke   ^{1, 2} , MD, PhD ;   Felix Gille   ^{3, 4} , PhD ;   Alberto Termine   ^{1, 2, 5} , PhD ;   Yves Saint James Aquino   ⁶ , MD, PhD ;   Ricardo Chavarriaga   ⁷ , PhD ;   Andrea Ferrario   ⁸ , PhD ;   Janna Hastings   ^{4, 9} , PhD ;   Karin Jongsma   ¹⁰ , PhD ;   Philipp Kellmeyer   ^{11, 12} , MD ;   Bogdan Kulynych   ¹³ , PhD ;   Emily Postan   ¹⁴ , PhD ;   Elise Racine   ^{15, 16} , MPA, MSc ;   Derya Sahin   ¹⁷ , MD ;   Paulina Tomaszewska   ¹⁸ , MSc ;   Karina Vold   ^{19, 20} , PhD ;   Jamie Webb   ²¹ , PhD ;   Alessandro Facchini   ⁵ , PhD ;   Marcello Ienca   ^{1, 2} , PhD

¹ Institute for History and Ethics of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany

² College of Humanities, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

³ Digital Society Initiative, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

⁴ Institute for Implementation Science in Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

⁵ Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence (IDSIA), The University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), Lugano, Switzerland

⁶ Australian Centre for Health Engagement, Evidence and Values, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia

⁷ Centre for Artificial Intelligence, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Zurich, Switzerland

⁸ Institute of Biomedical Ethics and History of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

⁹ School of Medicine, University of St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland

¹⁰ Bioethics & Health Humanities, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands

¹¹ Data and Web Science Group, School of Business Informatics and Mathematics, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany

¹² Department of Neurosurgery, University of Freiburg - Medical Center, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany

¹³ Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland

¹⁴ Edinburgh Law School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

¹⁵ The Ethox Centre and Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

¹⁶ The Institute for Ethics in AI, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

¹⁷ Development Economics (DEC), World Bank Group, Washington, DC, United States

¹⁸ Faculty of Mathematics and Information Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland

¹⁹ Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

²⁰ Schwartz Reisman Institute for Technology and Society, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

²¹ The Centre for Technomoral Futures, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom