Telemonitoring for Chronic Heart Failure: Narrative Review of the 20-Year Journey From Concept to Standard Care in Germany

Sebastian Spethmann   ^{1, 2, 3} , MD ;   Gerhard Hindricks   ^{1, 2} , MD ;   Kerstin Koehler   ^{1, 2} , MD ;   Stefan Stoerk   ⁴ , MD ;   Christiane E Angermann   ^{5, 6} , MD ;   Michael Böhm   ⁷ , MD ;   Birgit Assmus   ^{8, 9} , MD ;   Sebastian Winkler   ¹⁰ , MD ;   Martin Möckel   ^{2, 11} , MD ;   Mirja Mittermaier   ^{2, 12} , MD ;   Monika Lelgemann   ¹³ , MD, MSc ;   Daniel Reuter   ¹³ ;   Ralph Bosch   ¹⁴ , MD ;   Alexander Albrecht   ¹⁵ , MD ;   Stephan von Haehling   ^{16, 17} , MD ;   Thomas M Helms   ^{18, 19} , MD ;   Stefan Sack   ²⁰ , MD ;   Tarek Bekfani   ²¹ , MD ;   Jan Wolfgang Gröschel   ^{1, 22, 23} , MD ;   Magdalena Koehler   ^{24, 25} ;   Christoph Melzer   ² , MD ;   Jan Wintrich   ⁷ , MD ;   Bettina Zippel-Schultz   ¹⁸ ;   Georg Ertl   ⁶ , MD ;   Claus Vogelmeier   ²⁶ , MD ;   Nikolaos Dagres   ^{1, 2} , MD ;   Jasmin Zernikow   ^{1, 2 *} , MD ;   Friedrich Koehler   ^{1, 2 *} , MD

¹ Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité (DHZC), Berlin, Germany

² Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany

³ DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany

⁴ Department Clinical Research & Epidemiology, Comprehensive Heart Failure Centre, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

⁵ Comprehensive Heart Failure Centre, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

⁶ Department for Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

⁷ Department of Internal Medicine II, Cardiology, Marien Hospital Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany., Herne, Germany

⁸ Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany

⁹ DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Rhein/Main, Kerckhoff Heart Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany

¹⁰ Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, BG Klinikum Unfallkrankenhaus Berlin, Berlin, Germany

¹¹ Department of Emergency and Acute Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

¹² Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

¹³ Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss, Berlin, Germany

¹⁴ Cardio Centrum Ludwigsburg-Bietigheim, Ludwigsburg, Germany

¹⁵ Kardiologische Gemeinschaftspraxis Wilmersdorfer Strasse 62, Vivantes Klinikum Am Urban, Berlin, Germany

¹⁶ Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University of Göttingen Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany

¹⁷ German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

¹⁸ German Foundation for the Chronically Ill, Berlin, Germany

¹⁹ Peri Cor Cardiology Working Group / associated UCSF, Hamburg, Germany

²⁰ Department of Cardiology, Pneumology, and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, Schwabing Hospital, Academic Municipal Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany

²¹ Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Universitätsklinikum Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany

²² ECRC Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany

²³ Working Group on Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany

²⁴ Department of Preventive Sports Medicine and Sports Cardiology, University Hospital ‘Klinikum rechts der Isar’, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany

²⁵ Department of Acute Medicine, Donauspital Wien, Wien, Germany

²⁶ Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany

*these authors contributed equally