Evaluating a Natural Language Processing–Driven, AI-Assisted International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification, Coding System for Diagnosis Related Groups in a Real Hospital Environment: Algorithm Development and Validation Study

Hong-Jie Dai   ^{1, 2, 3} , PhD ;   Chen-Kai Wang   ^{1, 4, 5} , MSc ;   Chien-Chang Chen   ⁶ , PhD ;   Chong-Sin Liou   ¹ , MSc ;   An-Tai Lu   ⁷ , MS ;   Chia-Hsin Lai   ¹ , BS ;   Bo-Tsz Shain   ¹ , BS ;   Cheng-Rong Ke   ¹ , BS ;   William Yu Chung Wang   ⁸ , PhD ;   Tatheer Hussain Mir   ¹ , MS ;   Mutiara Simanjuntak   ¹ , MS ;   Hao-Yun Kao   ^{9 *} , PhD ;   Ming-Ju Tsai   ^{10 *} , MD, PhD ;   Vincent S Tseng   ^{4 *} , PhD

¹ Intelligent System Lab, College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

² National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan

³ Center for Big Data Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

⁴ Department of Computer Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan

⁵ Advanced Technology Laboratory, Chunghwa Telecom Laboratories, Taoyuan, Taiwan

⁶ Electromagnetic Sensing Control and AI Computing System Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

⁷ School of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

⁸ Waikato Management School, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand

⁹ Department of Healthcare Administration and Medical Informatics, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

¹⁰ Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

*these authors contributed equally