A 3D and Explainable Artificial Intelligence Model for Evaluation of Chronic Otitis Media Based on Temporal Bone Computed Tomography: Model Development, Validation, and Clinical Application

Binjun Chen   ^{1, 2 *} , MD ;   Yike Li   ^{3 *} , MD, PhD ;   Yu Sun   ^{4 *} , MD, PhD ;   Haojie Sun   ^{1, 2} , MD ;   Yanmei Wang   ^{1, 2} , MD, PhD ;   Jihan Lyu   ^{1, 2} , MD ;   Jiajie Guo   ⁵ , PhD ;   Shunxing Bao   ⁶ , PhD ;   Yushu Cheng   ⁷ , MD ;   Xun Niu   ⁴ , MD ;   Lian Yang   ⁸ , MD ;   Jianghong Xu   ^{1, 2} , MD, PhD ;   Juanmei Yang   ^{1, 2} , MD, PhD ;   Yibo Huang   ^{1, 2} , MD, PhD ;   Fanglu Chi   ^{1, 2} , MD, PhD ;   Bo Liang   ^{8 *} , MD ;   Dongdong Ren   ^{1, 2 *} , MD, PhD

¹ ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

² NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine Research, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

³ Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States

⁴ Department of Otorhinolargnology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

⁵ State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

⁶ Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States

⁷ Department of Radiology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

⁸ Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

*these authors contributed equally