Implementing AI in Hospitals to Achieve a Learning Health System: Systematic Review of Current Enablers and Barriers

Amir Kamel Rahimi   ^{1, 2} , BSc, MSc ;   Oliver Pienaar   ³ , BSc (Hons), MSc ;   Moji Ghadimi   ³ , PhD ;   Oliver J Canfell   ^{1, 2, 4, 5} , PhD ;   Jason D Pole   ^{1, 6, 7} , PhD ;   Sally Shrapnel   ^{1, 3} , PhD ;   Anton H van der Vegt   ¹ , PhD ;   Clair Sullivan   ^{1, 8} , MBBS(Hons), MD

¹ Queensland Digital Health Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

² Digital Health Cooperative Research Centre, Australian Government, Sydney, Australia

³ The School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

⁴ Business School, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

⁵ Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

⁶ Dalla Lana School of Public Health, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

⁷ ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada

⁸ Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Department of Health, Queensland Government, Brisbane, Australia