The BioRef Infrastructure, a Framework for Real-Time, Federated, Privacy-Preserving, and Personalized Reference Intervals: Design, Development, and Application

Tobias Ueli Blatter   ^{1, 2 *} , MSc ;   Harald Witte   ^{1 *} , PhD ;   Jules Fasquelle-Lopez   ³ , MSc ;   Christos Theodoros Nakas   ^{1, 4} , Prof Dr ;   Jean Louis Raisaro   ^{3 *} , Prof Dr ;   Alexander Benedikt Leichtle   ^{1, 5 *} , Prof Dr Med

¹ University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland

² Graduate School for Health Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

³ Biomedical Data Science Center, University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

⁴ Laboratory of Biometry, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece

⁵ Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

*these authors contributed equally