Passive Data Use for Ethical Digital Public Health Surveillance in a Postpandemic World

John L Kilgallon   ^{1, 2 *} , BA ;   Ishaan Ashwini Tewarie   ^{1, 3, 4, 5 *} , MD ;   Marike L D Broekman   ^{1, 4, 5} , MD, JD, PhD ;   Aakanksha Rana   ^{1, 6} , PhD ;   Timothy R Smith   ¹ , MD, MPH, PhD

¹ Computational Neurosciences Outcomes Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States

² Department of General Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States

³ Faculty of Medicine, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands

⁴ Department of Neurosurgery, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, Rotterdam, Netherlands

⁵ Department of Neurosurgery, Leiden Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands

⁶ McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, United States

*these authors contributed equally