Conversational Agents in Health Care: Scoping Review of Their Behavior Change Techniques and Underpinning Theory

Laura Martinengo   ¹ , MD, PhD ;   Ahmad Ishqi Jabir   ¹ , MSc ;   Westin Wei Tin Goh   ¹ , MBBS ;   Nicholas Yong Wai Lo   ¹ , MBBS ;   Moon-Ho Ringo Ho   ² , PhD ;   Tobias Kowatsch   ^{3, 4, 5, 6} , PhD ;   Rifat Atun   ^{7, 8, 9, 10} , MBBS, MBA, DIC ;   Susan Michie   ¹¹ , BA, MPhil, DPhil ;   Lorainne Tudor Car   ^{1, 12} , MD, PhD

¹ Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

² School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

³ Institute for Implementation Science in Health Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

⁴ School of Medicine, University of St.Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland

⁵ Centre for Digital Health Interventions, Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

⁶ Future Health Technologies Programme, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise, Singapore-ETH Centre, Singapore, Singapore

⁷ Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States

⁸ Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States

⁹ Health Systems Innovation Lab, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States

¹⁰ Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States

¹¹ UCL Centre for Behaviour Change, University College London, London, United Kingdom

¹² Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom