Exploring Changes to the Actionability of COVID-19 Dashboards Over the Course of 2020 in the Canadian Context: Descriptive Assessment and Expert Appraisal Study

Erica Barbazza   ^{1 *} , MSc ;   Damir Ivanković   ^{1 *} , MBA, MD ;   Sophie Wang   ^{2, 3} , MPH ;   Kendall Jamieson Gilmore   ⁴ , MSc ;   Mircha Poldrugovac   ¹ , MSc, MD ;   Claire Willmington   ⁴ , MSc ;   Nicolas Larrain   ^{2, 3} , MA ;   Véronique Bos   ¹ , MA ;   Sara Allin   ⁵ , MSc, PhD ;   Niek Klazinga   ¹ , MD, PhD ;   Dionne Kringos   ¹ , MSc, PhD

¹ Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

² OptiMedis AG, Hamburg, Germany

³ Hamburg Center for Health Economics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

⁴ Laboratorio Management e Sanità, Institute of Management and Department EMbeDS, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy

⁵ Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

*these authors contributed equally