Virtual and Augmented Reality Applications in Medicine: Analysis of the Scientific Literature

Andy Wai Kan Yeung   ^{1, 2} , PhD ;   Anela Tosevska   ^{2, 3} , PhD ;   Elisabeth Klager   ² , MSc ;   Fabian Eibensteiner   ^{2, 4} , MD ;   Daniel Laxar   ² ;   Jivko Stoyanov   ⁵ , PhD ;   Marija Glisic   ^{5, 6} , PhD ;   Sebastian Zeiner   ⁷ , MD ;   Stefan Tino Kulnik   ⁸ , PhD ;   Rik Crutzen   ^{8, 9} , PhD ;   Oliver Kimberger   ^{2, 7} , MD, PD, PhD ;   Maria Kletecka-Pulker   ^{2, 10} , PhD ;   Atanas G Atanasov   ^{2, 11, 12, 13} , PD, PhD ;   Harald Willschke   ^{2, 7} , MD, PhD

¹ Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

² Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

³ Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States

⁴ Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

⁵ Swiss Paraplegic Research, Nottwil, Switzerland

⁶ Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

⁷ Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria

⁸ Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Digital Health and Prevention, Salzburg, Austria

⁹ Department of Health Promotion, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI),, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands

¹⁰ Institute for Ethics and Law in Medicine, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

¹¹ Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland

¹² Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria

¹³ Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria