Characterization and Correction of Bias Due to Nonparticipation and the Degree of Loyalty in Large-Scale Finnish Loyalty Card Data on Grocery Purchases: Cohort Study
Characterization and Correction of Bias Due to Nonparticipation and the Degree of Loyalty in Large-Scale Finnish Loyalty Card Data on Grocery Purchases: Cohort Study
Anna-Leena Vuorinen
1, 2
, PhD ;
Maijaliisa Erkkola
3
, PhD ;
Mikael Fogelholm
3
, PhD ;
Satu Kinnunen
3
, BSc ;
Hannu Saarijärvi
4
, PhD ;
Liisa Uusitalo
3
, PhD ;
Turkka Näppilä
5
, PhD ;
Jaakko Nevalainen
1
, PhD
1
Faculty of Social Sciences (Health Sciences), Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
2
VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tampere, Finland
3
Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
4
Faculty of Management and Business, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
5
Tampere University Library, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland