Framework for Managing the COVID-19 Infodemic: Methods and Results of an Online, Crowdsourced WHO Technical Consultation

Viroj Tangcharoensathien   ^{1 *} , PhD, MD ;   Neville Calleja   ^{2 *} , MD, PhD ;   Tim Nguyen   ^{3 *} , MSc ;   Tina Purnat   ^{4 *} , MSc ;   Marcelo D’Agostino   ^{5 *} , MSc ;   Sebastian Garcia-Saiso   ^{6 *} , PhD ;   Mark Landry   ^{7 *} , MSc ;   Arash Rashidian   ^{8 *} , PhD ;   Clayton Hamilton   ^{9 *} , MSc ;   Abdelhalim AbdAllah   ^{10 *} , MSc ;   Ioana Ghiga   ^{11 *} , MSc ;   Alexandra Hill   ^{11 *} , MSc ;   Daniel Hougendobler   ^{11 *} , MPH, JD, LLM ;   Judith van Andel   ^{4 *} , MD ;   Mark Nunn   ^{12 *} , MSc ;   Ian Brooks   ^{13 *} , PhD ;   Pier Luigi Sacco   ^{14, 15, 16, 17 *} , PhD ;   Manlio De Domenico   ^{18 *} , PhD ;   Philip Mai   ^{19 *} , MA, JD ;   Anatoliy Gruzd   ^{19 *} , PhD ;   Alexandre Alaphilippe   ^{20 *} , MSc ;   Sylvie Briand   ^{11 *} , PhD

¹ International Health Policy Program, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand

² Directorate for Health Information and Research, Ministry for Health, Valetta, Malta

³ High Impact Events Preparedness, Global Infectious Hazards Preparedness, Emergency Preparedness, Geneva, Switzerland

⁴ Department of Digital Health and Innovation, Science Division, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

⁵ Information Systems for Health, Evidence and Intelligence for Action in Health, Pan American Health Organization and World Health Organization Regional Office for the Americas, Washington DC, DC, United States

⁶ Evidence and Intelligence for Action in Health, Pan American Health Organization and World Health Organization Regional Office for the Americas, Washington, DC, United States

⁷ Department of Health Systems Development, Regional Office for South-East Asia, World Health Organization, New Delhi, India

⁸ Department of Science, Information and Dissemination, Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, World Health Organization, Cairo, Egypt

⁹ Division of Health Systems and Public Health, Regional Office for Europe, World Health Organization, Copenhagen, Denmark

¹⁰ Communications Department, Regional Office for Africa, World Health Organization, Brazzaville, Congo

¹¹ Global Infectious Hazards Preparedness, Emergency Preparedness, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

¹² Independent writer and rapporteur, London, United Kingdom

¹³ Center for Health Informatics, School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, United States

¹⁴ Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy

¹⁵ Venice Office, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Venice, Italy

¹⁶ The University Institute for Modern Languages, Milan, Italy

¹⁷ Berkman-Klein Center for Internet and Society, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States

¹⁸ Complex Multilayer Networks (CoMuNe) Research, Center for Information and Communication Technology, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Trento, Italy

¹⁹ Ted Rogers School of Management, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada

²⁰ EU DisinfoLab, Brussels, Belgium

*all authors contributed equally