This paper is in the following e-collection/theme issue:

Artificial Intelligence (1371) Chatbots and Conversational Agents (531) Human Factors and Usability Case Studies (787) Methods in Human Factors Research (42) Anxiety and Stress Disorders (1053)

Published on in Vol 22, No 3 (2020): March

User Experiences of Social Support From Companion Chatbots in Everyday Contexts: Thematic Analysis

User Experiences of Social Support From Companion Chatbots in Everyday Contexts: Thematic Analysis

User Experiences of Social Support From Companion Chatbots in Everyday Contexts: Thematic Analysis

Authors of this article:

Vivian Ta1 Author Orcid Image ;   Caroline Griffith1 Author Orcid Image ;   Carolynn Boatfield1 Author Orcid Image ;   Xinyu Wang1 Author Orcid Image ;   Maria Civitello1 Author Orcid Image ;   Haley Bader1 Author Orcid Image ;   Esther DeCero1 Author Orcid Image ;   Alexia Loggarakis1 Author Orcid Image
Article Authors Cited by (139) Tweetations (16) Metrics

Journals

  1. Zhang J, Oh Y, Lange P, Yu Z, Fukuoka Y. Artificial Intelligence Chatbot Behavior Change Model for Designing Artificial Intelligence Chatbots to Promote Physical Activity and a Healthy Diet: Viewpoint. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2020;22(9):e22845 View
  2. Skjuve M, Følstad A, Fostervold K, Brandtzaeg P. My Chatbot Companion - a Study of Human-Chatbot Relationships. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 2021;149:102601 View
  3. Rapp A, Curti L, Boldi A. The human side of human-chatbot interaction: A systematic literature review of ten years of research on text-based chatbots. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 2021;151:102630 View
  4. Rahman M, Dey K, Das S, Sherfinski M. Sharing the road with autonomous vehicles: A qualitative analysis of the perceptions of pedestrians and bicyclists. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 2021;78:433 View
  5. Perski O, Short C. Acceptability of digital health interventions: embracing the complexity. Translational Behavioral Medicine 2021;11(7):1473 View
  6. Mauriello M, Tantivasadakarn N, Mora-Mendoza M, Lincoln E, Hon G, Nowruzi P, Simon D, Hansen L, Goenawan N, Kim J, Gowda N, Jurafsky D, Paredes P. A Suite of Mobile Conversational Agents for Daily Stress Management (Popbots): Mixed Methods Exploratory Study. JMIR Formative Research 2021;5(9):e25294 View
  7. Dubé S, Santaguida M, Zhu C, Di Tomasso S, Hu R, Cormier G, Johnson A, Vachon D. Sex robots and personality: It is more about sex than robots. Computers in Human Behavior 2022;136:107403 View
  8. Dosovitsky G, Bunge E. Bonding With Bot: User Feedback on a Chatbot for Social Isolation. Frontiers in Digital Health 2021;3 View
  9. Gambino A, Liu B. Considering the Context to Build Theory in HCI, HRI, and HMC: Explicating Differences in Processes of Communication and Socialization with Social Technologies. Human-Machine Communication 2022;4:111 View
  10. Noor N, Rao Hill S, Troshani I. Artificial Intelligence Service Agents: Role of Parasocial Relationship. Journal of Computer Information Systems 2022;62(5):1009 View
  11. Luo B, Lau R, Li C, Si Y. A critical review of state‐of‐the‐art chatbot designs and applications. WIREs Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery 2022;12(1) View
  12. Lumbreras S. LESSONS FROM THE QUEST FOR ARTIFICIAL CONSCIOUSNESS: THE EMERGENCE CRITERION, INSIGHT‐ORIENTED AI, AND IMAGO DEI. Zygon® 2022;57(4):963 View
  13. Weeks R, Cooper L, Sangha P, Sedoc J, White S, Toledo A, Gretz S, Lahav D, Martin N, Michel A, Lee J, Slonim N, Bar-Zeev N. Chatbot-Delivered COVID-19 Vaccine Communication Message Preferences of Young Adults and Public Health Workers in Urban American Communities: Qualitative Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2022;24(7):e38418 View
  14. Skjuve M, Følstad A, Fostervold K, Brandtzaeg P. A longitudinal study of human–chatbot relationships. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 2022;168:102903 View
  15. Laestadius L, Bishop A, Gonzalez M, Illenčík D, Campos-Castillo C. Too human and not human enough: A grounded theory analysis of mental health harms from emotional dependence on the social chatbot Replika. New Media & Society 2024;26(10):5923 View
  16. Alabed A, Javornik A, Gregory-Smith D. AI anthropomorphism and its effect on users' self-congruence and self–AI integration: A theoretical framework and research agenda. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 2022;182:121786 View
  17. Depounti I, Saukko P, Natale S. Ideal technologies, ideal women: AI and gender imaginaries in Redditors’ discussions on the Replika bot girlfriend. Media, Culture & Society 2023;45(4):720 View
  18. Trothen T. Intelligent Assistive Technology Ethics for Aging Adults: Spiritual Impacts as a Necessary Consideration. Religions 2022;13(5):452 View
  19. Reid E, Mandryk R, Beres N, Klarkowski M, Frommel J. Feeling Good and In Control: In-game Tools to Support Targets of Toxicity. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 2022;6(CHI PLAY):1 View
  20. McStay A. Replika in the Metaverse: the moral problem with empathy in ‘It from Bit’. AI and Ethics 2023;3(4):1433 View
  21. Alphonse A, Stewart K, Brown J, Perski O. Exploring Users’ Experiences With a Quick-Response Chatbot Within a Popular Smoking Cessation Smartphone App: Semistructured Interview Study. JMIR Formative Research 2022;6(7):e36869 View
  22. Maenhout L, Peuters C, Cardon G, Compernolle S, Crombez G, DeSmet A. Participatory Development and Pilot Testing of an Adolescent Health Promotion Chatbot. Frontiers in Public Health 2021;9 View
  23. Ahmad R, Siemon D, Gnewuch U, Robra-Bissantz S. Designing Personality-Adaptive Conversational Agents for Mental Health Care. Information Systems Frontiers 2022;24(3):923 View
  24. Ta-Johnson V, Boatfield C, Wang X, DeCero E, Krupica I, Rasof S, Motzer A, Pedryc W. Assessing the Topics and Motivating Factors Behind Human-Social Chatbot Interactions: Thematic Analysis of User Experiences. JMIR Human Factors 2022;9(4):e38876 View
  25. Chin H, Lima G, Shin M, Zhunis A, Cha C, Choi J, Cha M. User-Chatbot Conversations During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Study Based on Topic Modeling and Sentiment Analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2023;25:e40922 View
  26. Schick A, Feine J, Morana S, Maedche A, Reininghaus U. Validity of Chatbot Use for Mental Health Assessment: Experimental Study. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 2022;10(10):e28082 View
  27. Choudhry A, Han J, Xu X, Huang Y. "I Felt a Little Crazy Following a 'Doll'". Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 2022;6(GROUP):1 View
  28. Strohmann T, Siemon D, Khosrawi-Rad B, Robra-Bissantz S. Toward a design theory for virtual companionship. Human–Computer Interaction 2023;38(3-4):194 View
  29. Haugeland I, Følstad A, Taylor C, Bjørkli C. Understanding the user experience of customer service chatbots: An experimental study of chatbot interaction design. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 2022;161:102788 View
  30. Pujiarti R, Lee B, Yi M. Enhancing User’s Self-Disclosure through Chatbot’s Co-Activity and Conversation Atmosphere Visualization. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 2022;38(18-20):1891 View
  31. Duradoni M, Colombini G, Russo P, Guazzini A. Robotic Psychology: A PRISMA Systematic Review on Social-Robot-Based Interventions in Psychological Domains. J 2021;4(4):664 View
  32. Entenberg G, Dosovitsky G, Aghakhani S, Mostovoy K, Carre N, Marshall Z, Benfica D, Mizrahi S, Testerman A, Rousseau A, Lin G, Bunge E. User experience with a parenting chatbot micro intervention. Frontiers in Digital Health 2023;4 View
  33. Dhinagaran D, Sathish T, Kowatsch T, Griva K, Best J, Tudor Car L. Public Perceptions of Diabetes, Healthy Living, and Conversational Agents in Singapore: Needs Assessment. JMIR Formative Research 2021;5(11):e30435 View
  34. Loveys K, Sagar M, Zhang X, Fricchione G, Broadbent E. Effects of Emotional Expressiveness of a Female Digital Human on Loneliness, Stress, Perceived Support, and Closeness Across Genders: Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2021;23(11):e30624 View
  35. Følstad A, Araujo T, Law E, Brandtzaeg P, Papadopoulos S, Reis L, Baez M, Laban G, McAllister P, Ischen C, Wald R, Catania F, Meyer von Wolff R, Hobert S, Luger E. Future directions for chatbot research: an interdisciplinary research agenda. Computing 2021;103(12):2915 View
  36. Beattie A, High A. I Get by With a Little Help From My Bots: Implications of Machine Agents in the Context of Social Support. Human-Machine Communication 2022;4:151 View
  37. Brandtzaeg P, Skjuve M, Følstad A. My AI Friend: How Users of a Social Chatbot Understand Their Human–AI Friendship. Human Communication Research 2022;48(3):404 View
  38. Wilson L, Marasoiu M. The Development and Use of Chatbots in Public Health: Scoping Review. JMIR Human Factors 2022;9(4):e35882 View
  39. Milne-Ives M, Selby E, Inkster B, Lam C, Meinert E, Narasimhan P. Artificial intelligence and machine learning in mobile apps for mental health: A scoping review. PLOS Digital Health 2022;1(8):e0000079 View
  40. Trothen T. Replika: Spiritual Enhancement Technology?. Religions 2022;13(4):275 View
  41. Siemon D, Ahmad R, Harms H, de Vreede T. Requirements and Solution Approaches to Personality-Adaptive Conversational Agents in Mental Health Care. Sustainability 2022;14(7):3832 View
  42. Kettle L, Lee Y. User Experiences of Well-Being Chatbots. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 2024;66(6):1703 View
  43. So C, Khvan A, Choi W. Natural conversations with a virtual being: How user experience with a current conversational AI model compares to expectations. Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds 2023;34(6) View
  44. Das S, Tawhidur Rahman M, Kabir N, Oviedo-Trespalacios O, Dey K, Mahmud Hossain M. Do people act differently while using ridesharing services with children?. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 2023;171:103647 View
  45. Skjuve M, Følstad A, Brandtzæg P. A Longitudinal Study of Self-Disclosure in Human–Chatbot Relationships. Interacting with Computers 2023;35(1):24 View
  46. Lee P, Ma N, Kim I, Yoon D. Speculating on Risks of AI Clones to Selfhood and Relationships: Doppelganger-phobia, Identity Fragmentation, and Living Memories. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 2023;7(CSCW1):1 View
  47. Haque M, Rubya S. An Overview of Chatbot-Based Mobile Mental Health Apps: Insights From App Description and User Reviews. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 2023;11:e44838 View
  48. Chaturvedi R, Verma S, Das R, Dwivedi Y. Social companionship with artificial intelligence: Recent trends and future avenues. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 2023;193:122634 View
  49. Sadasivan C, Cruz C, Dolgoy N, Hyde A, Campbell S, McNeely M, Stroulia E, Tandon P. Examining Patient Engagement in Chatbot Development Approaches for Healthy Lifestyle and Mental Wellness Interventions: Scoping Review. Journal of Participatory Medicine 2023;15:e45772 View
  50. Fuhrer C. Intelligence Artificielle : que dit la recherche récente ? Une approche combinée bibliométrique et textuelle. Management & Avenir 2023;N° 137(5):89 View
  51. Wygnańska J. The Experience of Conversation and Relation with a Well-Being Chabot: Between Proximity and Remoteness. Qualitative Sociology Review 2023;19(4):92 View
  52. Lee M, Contreras Alejandro J, IJsselsteijn W. Cultivating Gratitude with a Chatbot. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 2024;40(18):4957 View
  53. Rapp A, Boldi A, Curti L, Perrucci A, Simeoni R. How Do People Ascribe Humanness to Chatbots? An Analysis of Real-World Human-Agent Interactions and a Theoretical Model of Humanness. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 2024;40(19):6027 View
  54. Pan S, Cui J, Mou Y. Desirable or Distasteful? Exploring Uncertainty in Human-Chatbot Relationships. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 2024;40(20):6545 View
  55. Meng J, Rheu M, Zhang Y, Dai Y, Peng W. Mediated Social Support for Distress Reduction: AI Chatbots vs. Human. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 2023;7(CSCW1):1 View
  56. Chin H, Song H, Baek G, Shin M, Jung C, Cha M, Choi J, Cha C. The Potential of Chatbots for Emotional Support and Promoting Mental Well-Being in Different Cultures: Mixed Methods Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2023;25:e51712 View
  57. Ameen N, Hosany S, Taheri B. Generation Z's psychology and new‐age technologies: Implications for future research. Psychology & Marketing 2023;40(10):2029 View
  58. Youk S, Park H. Who is (communicatively more) responsible behind the wheel? Applying the theory of communicative responsibility to TAM in the context of using navigation technology. Human-Machine Communication 2023;6:203 View
  59. Chou Y, Lin C, Lee S, Chang Chien Y, Cheng L. Potential Mobile Health Applications for Improving the Mental Health of the Elderly: A Systematic Review. Clinical Interventions in Aging 2023;Volume 18:1523 View
  60. Marriott H, Pitardi V. One is the loneliest number… Two can be as bad as one. The influence of AI Friendship Apps on users' well‐being and addiction. Psychology & Marketing 2024;41(1):86 View
  61. Moons P. For better or for worse: when chatbots influence human emotions and behaviours. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 2024;23(5):e49 View
  62. Xu Y, Bradford N, Garg R, Chakraborty P. Transparency Enhances Positive Perceptions of Social Artificial Intelligence. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies 2023;2023:1 View
  63. Yim M. Effect of AI Chatbot’s Interactivity on Consumers’ Negative Word-of-Mouth Intention: Mediating Role of Perceived Empathy and Anger. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 2024;40(18):5415 View
  64. Siglen E, Vetti H, Augestad M, Steen V, Lunde Å, Bjorvatn C. Evaluation of the Rosa Chatbot Providing Genetic Information to Patients at Risk of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer: Qualitative Interview Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2023;25:e46571 View
  65. Manning J, Blandford A, Edbrooke-Childs J. High School Teachers’ Experiences of Consumer Technologies for Stress Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Qualitative Study. JMIR Formative Research 2023;7:e50460 View
  66. Liu I, Liu F, Xiao Y, Huang Y, Wu S, Ni S. Investigating the Key Success Factors of Chatbot-Based Positive Psychology Intervention with Retrieval- and Generative Pre-Trained Transformer (GPT)-Based Chatbots. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 2024:1 View
  67. Maples B, Cerit M, Vishwanath A, Pea R. Loneliness and suicide mitigation for students using GPT3-enabled chatbots. npj Mental Health Research 2024;3(1) View
  68. Rheu M, Dai Y, Meng J, Peng W. When a Chatbot Disappoints You: Expectancy Violation in Human-Chatbot Interaction in a Social Support Context. Communication Research 2024;51(7):782 View
  69. Thunström A, Carlsen H, Ali L, Larson T, Hellström A, Steingrimsson S. Usability Comparison Among Healthy Participants of an Anthropomorphic Digital Human and a Text-Based Chatbot as a Responder to Questions on Mental Health: Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Human Factors 2024;11:e54581 View
  70. Kim Y. AI Health Counselor’s Self-Disclosure: Its Impact on User Responses Based on Individual and Cultural Variation. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 2024:1 View
  71. Jecker N, Sparrow R, Lederman Z, Ho A. Digital Humans to Combat Loneliness and Social Isolation: Ethics Concerns and Policy Recommendations. Hastings Center Report 2024;54(1):7 View
  72. Sauer J, Sonderegger A, Semmer N. The role of social support in human-automation interaction. Ergonomics 2024;67(6):732 View
  73. Lee I, Hahn S. On the relationship between mind perception and social support of chatbots. Frontiers in Psychology 2024;15 View
  74. Huang S, Lai X, Ke L, Li Y, Wang H, Zhao X, Dai X, Wang Y. AI Technology panic—is AI Dependence Bad for Mental Health? A Cross-Lagged Panel Model and the Mediating Roles of Motivations for AI Use Among Adolescents. Psychology Research and Behavior Management 2024;Volume 17:1087 View
  75. Crawford J, Allen K, Pani B, Cowling M. When artificial intelligence substitutes humans in higher education: the cost of loneliness, student success, and retention. Studies in Higher Education 2024;49(5):883 View
  76. SARIOĞLU E, GÜREGEN E. Duygusal Yalnızlığa Bir Çözüm Olarak Chatgpt: Kişilerarası İletişimin Yeni Aracı. Türkiye İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi 2024 View
  77. Guingrich R, Graziano M. Ascribing consciousness to artificial intelligence: human-AI interaction and its carry-over effects on human-human interaction. Frontiers in Psychology 2024;15 View
  78. Wei J, Kim S, Jung H, Kim Y. Leveraging Large Language Models to Power Chatbots for Collecting User Self-Reported Data. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 2024;8(CSCW1):1 View
  79. Kovačević N, Holz C, Gross M, Wampfler R. The Personality Dimensions GPT-3 Expresses During Human-Chatbot Interactions. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 2024;8(2):1 View
  80. Chin H, Yong Yi M. Exploring the influence of user characteristics on verbal aggression towards social chatbots. Behaviour & Information Technology 2024:1 View
  81. An D. My Friend the Cross: Cross-Directed Prayer in Seventh-Century Monastic Communities and New Media Studies. Religions 2024;15(6):708 View
  82. Liu J. ChatGPT: perspectives from human–computer interaction and psychology. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence 2024;7 View
  83. Limpanopparat S, Gibson E, Harris D. User engagement, attitudes, and the effectiveness of chatbots as a mental health intervention: A systematic review. Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans 2024;2(2):100081 View
  84. Al Mazroui K, Alzyoudi M. The role of ChatGPT in mitigating loneliness among older adults: An exploratory study. Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies 2024;14(4):e202444 View
  85. Xian X, Chang A, Xiang Y, Liu M. Debate and Dilemmas Regarding Generative AI in Mental Health Care: Scoping Review. Interactive Journal of Medical Research 2024;13:e53672 View
  86. Goumas G, Dardavesis T, Syrigos K, Syrigos N, Simou E. Chatbots in Cancer Applications, Advantages and Disadvantages: All that Glitters Is Not Gold. Journal of Personalized Medicine 2024;14(8):877 View
  87. Li H, Zhang R, Yao M. Finding love in algorithms: deciphering the emotional contexts of close encounters with AI chatbots. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 2024;29(5) View
  88. Maslow G, Chung R, Heilbron N, Walter B. Innovative Approaches to Addressing Pediatric Mental Health. Pediatric Clinics of North America 2024;71(6):1151 View
  89. Heissler R, Jonáš J, Carre N, Mostovoy K, Bunge E, McDaniel B. Can AI Digital Personas for Well‐Being Provide Social Support? A Mixed‐Method Analysis of User Reviews. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies 2024;2024(1) View
  90. Pan S, Mou Y. Constructing the meaning of human–AI romantic relationships from the perspectives of users dating the social chatbot Replika. Personal Relationships 2024 View
  91. Rapp A, Di Lodovico C, Torrielli F, Di Caro L. How do people experience the images created by generative artificial intelligence? An exploration of people's perceptions, appraisals, and emotions related to a Gen-AI text-to-image model and its creations. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 2025;193:103375 View
  92. Roehrer E, Pokawinkoon P, Watters P, Sauer J, Scanlan J. Adolescent-Centric Design of an Online Safety Chatbot. Journal of Computer Information Systems 2024:1 View
  93. Lin Y, Li S. Searching for Love and Babies: A Qualitative Study on Online Social Support Among Women with Infertility. Health Communication 2024:1 View
  94. Shen J, DiPaola D, Ali S, Sap M, Park H, Breazeal C. Empathy Toward Artificial Intelligence Versus Human Experiences and the Role of Transparency in Mental Health and Social Support Chatbot Design: Comparative Study. JMIR Mental Health 2024;11:e62679 View
  95. Cao B, Li Z, Crystal Jiang L. When chatbots make errors: Cognitive and affective pathways to understanding forgiveness of chatbot errors. Telematics and Informatics 2024;94:102189 View
  96. Baines J, Dalal R, Ponce L, Tsai H. Advice from artificial intelligence: a review and practical implications. Frontiers in Psychology 2024;15 View
  97. Kolomaznik M, Petrik V, Slama M, Jurik V. The role of socio-emotional attributes in enhancing human-AI collaboration. Frontiers in Psychology 2024;15 View
  98. Siddals S, Torous J, Coxon A. “It happened to be the perfect thing”: experiences of generative AI chatbots for mental health. npj Mental Health Research 2024;3(1) View
  99. Liao T, Rodwell E, Porter D. Media frames, AI romantic relationships, and the perspectives of people in relationships; mapping and comparing news media themes with user perspectives. Information, Communication & Society 2024:1 View
  100. Chin H, Zhunis A, Cha M. Behaviors and Perceptions of Human-Chatbot Interactions Based on Top Active Users of a Commercial Social Chatbot. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 2024;8(CSCW2):1 View
  101. Lin B. The AI Chatbot Always Flirts With Me, Should I Flirt Back: From the McDonaldization of Friendship to the Robotization of Love. Social Media + Society 2024;10(4) View

Books/Policy Documents

  1. van Wezel M, Croes E, Antheunis M. Chatbot Research and Design. View
  2. Benítez-Guijarro A, Bond R, Booth F, Callejas Z, Ennis E, Esposito A, Kraus M, McConvey G, McTear M, Mulvenna M, Potts C, Pragst L, Turkington R, Wagner N, Zheng H. Conversational Dialogue Systems for the Next Decade. View
  3. Pesonen J. Learning and Collaboration Technologies: Games and Virtual Environments for Learning. View
  4. Hernández-Carvajal E, Gómez-Ramírez D. Artificial Intelligence for COVID-19. View
  5. Simões de Almeida R, da Silva T. Digital Therapies in Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Mental Health. View
  6. Weijers D, Munn N. Philosophy and Theory of Artificial Intelligence 2021. View
  7. Weber-Guskar E. Social Robotics and the Good Life. View
  8. Brandtzaeg P, You Y, Wang X, Lao Y. HCI International 2023 – Late Breaking Papers. View
  9. Kovalyova A. Generative AI in Teaching and Learning. View
  10. Pani B, Crawford J, Allen K. Applications of Generative AI. View
  11. Goodings L, Ellis D, Tucker I. Understanding Mental Health Apps. View
  12. Salles A, Wajnerman Paz A. Brains and Machines: Towards a Unified Ethics of AI and Neuroscience. View
  13. Koukopoulos A, Danias N. Inclusivity and Accessibility in Digital Health. View
  14. Kossack P, Unger H. Advances in Real-Time and Autonomous Systems. View
  15. Weijers D, Munn N. Fostering Consumer Well-Being. View