Published on in Vol 22, No 3 (2020): March

User Experiences of Social Support From Companion Chatbots in Everyday Contexts: Thematic Analysis

User Experiences of Social Support From Companion Chatbots in Everyday Contexts: Thematic Analysis

User Experiences of Social Support From Companion Chatbots in Everyday Contexts: Thematic Analysis

Journals

  1. Zhang J, Oh Y, Lange P, Yu Z, Fukuoka Y. Artificial Intelligence Chatbot Behavior Change Model for Designing Artificial Intelligence Chatbots to Promote Physical Activity and a Healthy Diet: Viewpoint. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2020;22(9):e22845 View
  2. Skjuve M, Følstad A, Fostervold K, Brandtzaeg P. My Chatbot Companion - a Study of Human-Chatbot Relationships. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 2021;149:102601 View
  3. Rapp A, Curti L, Boldi A. The human side of human-chatbot interaction: A systematic literature review of ten years of research on text-based chatbots. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 2021;151:102630 View
  4. Rahman M, Dey K, Das S, Sherfinski M. Sharing the road with autonomous vehicles: A qualitative analysis of the perceptions of pedestrians and bicyclists. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 2021;78:433 View
  5. Perski O, Short C. Acceptability of digital health interventions: embracing the complexity. Translational Behavioral Medicine 2021;11(7):1473 View
  6. Mauriello M, Tantivasadakarn N, Mora-Mendoza M, Lincoln E, Hon G, Nowruzi P, Simon D, Hansen L, Goenawan N, Kim J, Gowda N, Jurafsky D, Paredes P. A Suite of Mobile Conversational Agents for Daily Stress Management (Popbots): Mixed Methods Exploratory Study. JMIR Formative Research 2021;5(9):e25294 View
  7. Dubé S, Santaguida M, Zhu C, Di Tomasso S, Hu R, Cormier G, Johnson A, Vachon D. Sex robots and personality: It is more about sex than robots. Computers in Human Behavior 2022;136:107403 View
  8. Dosovitsky G, Bunge E. Bonding With Bot: User Feedback on a Chatbot for Social Isolation. Frontiers in Digital Health 2021;3 View
  9. Gambino A, Liu B. Considering the Context to Build Theory in HCI, HRI, and HMC: Explicating Differences in Processes of Communication and Socialization with Social Technologies. Human-Machine Communication 2022;4:111 View
  10. Noor N, Rao Hill S, Troshani I. Artificial Intelligence Service Agents: Role of Parasocial Relationship. Journal of Computer Information Systems 2022;62(5):1009 View
  11. Luo B, Lau R, Li C, Si Y. A critical review of state‐of‐the‐art chatbot designs and applications. WIREs Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery 2022;12(1) View
  12. Lumbreras S. LESSONS FROM THE QUEST FOR ARTIFICIAL CONSCIOUSNESS: THE EMERGENCE CRITERION, INSIGHT‐ORIENTED AI, AND IMAGO DEI. Zygon® 2022;57(4):963 View
  13. Weeks R, Cooper L, Sangha P, Sedoc J, White S, Toledo A, Gretz S, Lahav D, Martin N, Michel A, Lee J, Slonim N, Bar-Zeev N. Chatbot-Delivered COVID-19 Vaccine Communication Message Preferences of Young Adults and Public Health Workers in Urban American Communities: Qualitative Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2022;24(7):e38418 View
  14. Skjuve M, Følstad A, Fostervold K, Brandtzaeg P. A longitudinal study of human–chatbot relationships. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 2022;168:102903 View
  15. Laestadius L, Bishop A, Gonzalez M, Illenčík D, Campos-Castillo C. Too human and not human enough: A grounded theory analysis of mental health harms from emotional dependence on the social chatbot Replika. New Media & Society 2024;26(10):5923 View
  16. Alabed A, Javornik A, Gregory-Smith D. AI anthropomorphism and its effect on users' self-congruence and self–AI integration: A theoretical framework and research agenda. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 2022;182:121786 View
  17. Depounti I, Saukko P, Natale S. Ideal technologies, ideal women: AI and gender imaginaries in Redditors’ discussions on the Replika bot girlfriend. Media, Culture & Society 2023;45(4):720 View
  18. Trothen T. Intelligent Assistive Technology Ethics for Aging Adults: Spiritual Impacts as a Necessary Consideration. Religions 2022;13(5):452 View
  19. Reid E, Mandryk R, Beres N, Klarkowski M, Frommel J. Feeling Good and In Control: In-game Tools to Support Targets of Toxicity. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 2022;6(CHI PLAY):1 View
  20. McStay A. Replika in the Metaverse: the moral problem with empathy in ‘It from Bit’. AI and Ethics 2023;3(4):1433 View
  21. Alphonse A, Stewart K, Brown J, Perski O. Exploring Users’ Experiences With a Quick-Response Chatbot Within a Popular Smoking Cessation Smartphone App: Semistructured Interview Study. JMIR Formative Research 2022;6(7):e36869 View
  22. Maenhout L, Peuters C, Cardon G, Compernolle S, Crombez G, DeSmet A. Participatory Development and Pilot Testing of an Adolescent Health Promotion Chatbot. Frontiers in Public Health 2021;9 View
  23. Ahmad R, Siemon D, Gnewuch U, Robra-Bissantz S. Designing Personality-Adaptive Conversational Agents for Mental Health Care. Information Systems Frontiers 2022;24(3):923 View
  24. Ta-Johnson V, Boatfield C, Wang X, DeCero E, Krupica I, Rasof S, Motzer A, Pedryc W. Assessing the Topics and Motivating Factors Behind Human-Social Chatbot Interactions: Thematic Analysis of User Experiences. JMIR Human Factors 2022;9(4):e38876 View
  25. Chin H, Lima G, Shin M, Zhunis A, Cha C, Choi J, Cha M. User-Chatbot Conversations During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Study Based on Topic Modeling and Sentiment Analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2023;25:e40922 View
  26. Schick A, Feine J, Morana S, Maedche A, Reininghaus U. Validity of Chatbot Use for Mental Health Assessment: Experimental Study. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 2022;10(10):e28082 View
  27. Choudhry A, Han J, Xu X, Huang Y. "I Felt a Little Crazy Following a 'Doll'". Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 2022;6(GROUP):1 View
  28. Strohmann T, Siemon D, Khosrawi-Rad B, Robra-Bissantz S. Toward a design theory for virtual companionship. Human–Computer Interaction 2023;38(3-4):194 View
  29. Haugeland I, Følstad A, Taylor C, Bjørkli C. Understanding the user experience of customer service chatbots: An experimental study of chatbot interaction design. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 2022;161:102788 View
  30. Pujiarti R, Lee B, Yi M. Enhancing User’s Self-Disclosure through Chatbot’s Co-Activity and Conversation Atmosphere Visualization. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 2022;38(18-20):1891 View
  31. Duradoni M, Colombini G, Russo P, Guazzini A. Robotic Psychology: A PRISMA Systematic Review on Social-Robot-Based Interventions in Psychological Domains. J 2021;4(4):664 View
  32. Entenberg G, Dosovitsky G, Aghakhani S, Mostovoy K, Carre N, Marshall Z, Benfica D, Mizrahi S, Testerman A, Rousseau A, Lin G, Bunge E. User experience with a parenting chatbot micro intervention. Frontiers in Digital Health 2023;4 View
  33. Dhinagaran D, Sathish T, Kowatsch T, Griva K, Best J, Tudor Car L. Public Perceptions of Diabetes, Healthy Living, and Conversational Agents in Singapore: Needs Assessment. JMIR Formative Research 2021;5(11):e30435 View
  34. Loveys K, Sagar M, Zhang X, Fricchione G, Broadbent E. Effects of Emotional Expressiveness of a Female Digital Human on Loneliness, Stress, Perceived Support, and Closeness Across Genders: Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2021;23(11):e30624 View
  35. Følstad A, Araujo T, Law E, Brandtzaeg P, Papadopoulos S, Reis L, Baez M, Laban G, McAllister P, Ischen C, Wald R, Catania F, Meyer von Wolff R, Hobert S, Luger E. Future directions for chatbot research: an interdisciplinary research agenda. Computing 2021;103(12):2915 View
  36. Beattie A, High A. I Get by With a Little Help From My Bots: Implications of Machine Agents in the Context of Social Support. Human-Machine Communication 2022;4:151 View
  37. Brandtzaeg P, Skjuve M, Følstad A. My AI Friend: How Users of a Social Chatbot Understand Their Human–AI Friendship. Human Communication Research 2022;48(3):404 View
  38. Wilson L, Marasoiu M. The Development and Use of Chatbots in Public Health: Scoping Review. JMIR Human Factors 2022;9(4):e35882 View
  39. Milne-Ives M, Selby E, Inkster B, Lam C, Meinert E, Narasimhan P. Artificial intelligence and machine learning in mobile apps for mental health: A scoping review. PLOS Digital Health 2022;1(8):e0000079 View
  40. Trothen T. Replika: Spiritual Enhancement Technology?. Religions 2022;13(4):275 View
  41. Siemon D, Ahmad R, Harms H, de Vreede T. Requirements and Solution Approaches to Personality-Adaptive Conversational Agents in Mental Health Care. Sustainability 2022;14(7):3832 View
  42. Kettle L, Lee Y. User Experiences of Well-Being Chatbots. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 2024;66(6):1703 View
  43. So C, Khvan A, Choi W. Natural conversations with a virtual being: How user experience with a current conversational AI model compares to expectations. Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds 2023;34(6) View
  44. Das S, Tawhidur Rahman M, Kabir N, Oviedo-Trespalacios O, Dey K, Mahmud Hossain M. Do people act differently while using ridesharing services with children?. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 2023;171:103647 View
  45. Skjuve M, Følstad A, Brandtzæg P. A Longitudinal Study of Self-Disclosure in Human–Chatbot Relationships. Interacting with Computers 2023;35(1):24 View
  46. Lee P, Ma N, Kim I, Yoon D. Speculating on Risks of AI Clones to Selfhood and Relationships: Doppelganger-phobia, Identity Fragmentation, and Living Memories. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 2023;7(CSCW1):1 View
  47. Haque M, Rubya S. An Overview of Chatbot-Based Mobile Mental Health Apps: Insights From App Description and User Reviews. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 2023;11:e44838 View
  48. Chaturvedi R, Verma S, Das R, Dwivedi Y. Social companionship with artificial intelligence: Recent trends and future avenues. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 2023;193:122634 View
  49. Sadasivan C, Cruz C, Dolgoy N, Hyde A, Campbell S, McNeely M, Stroulia E, Tandon P. Examining Patient Engagement in Chatbot Development Approaches for Healthy Lifestyle and Mental Wellness Interventions: Scoping Review. Journal of Participatory Medicine 2023;15:e45772 View
  50. Fuhrer C. Intelligence Artificielle : que dit la recherche récente ? Une approche combinée bibliométrique et textuelle. Management & Avenir 2023;N° 137(5):89 View
  51. Wygnańska J. The Experience of Conversation and Relation with a Well-Being Chabot: Between Proximity and Remoteness. Qualitative Sociology Review 2023;19(4):92 View
  52. Lee M, Contreras Alejandro J, IJsselsteijn W. Cultivating Gratitude with a Chatbot. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 2024;40(18):4957 View
  53. Rapp A, Boldi A, Curti L, Perrucci A, Simeoni R. How Do People Ascribe Humanness to Chatbots? An Analysis of Real-World Human-Agent Interactions and a Theoretical Model of Humanness. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 2024;40(19):6027 View
  54. Pan S, Cui J, Mou Y. Desirable or Distasteful? Exploring Uncertainty in Human-Chatbot Relationships. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 2024;40(20):6545 View
  55. Meng J, Rheu M, Zhang Y, Dai Y, Peng W. Mediated Social Support for Distress Reduction: AI Chatbots vs. Human. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 2023;7(CSCW1):1 View
  56. Chin H, Song H, Baek G, Shin M, Jung C, Cha M, Choi J, Cha C. The Potential of Chatbots for Emotional Support and Promoting Mental Well-Being in Different Cultures: Mixed Methods Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2023;25:e51712 View
  57. Ameen N, Hosany S, Taheri B. Generation Z's psychology and new‐age technologies: Implications for future research. Psychology & Marketing 2023;40(10):2029 View
  58. Youk S, Park H. Who is (communicatively more) responsible behind the wheel? Applying the theory of communicative responsibility to TAM in the context of using navigation technology. Human-Machine Communication 2023;6:203 View
  59. Chou Y, Lin C, Lee S, Chang Chien Y, Cheng L. Potential Mobile Health Applications for Improving the Mental Health of the Elderly: A Systematic Review. Clinical Interventions in Aging 2023;Volume 18:1523 View
  60. Marriott H, Pitardi V. One is the loneliest number… Two can be as bad as one. The influence of AI Friendship Apps on users' well‐being and addiction. Psychology & Marketing 2024;41(1):86 View
  61. Moons P. For better or for worse: when chatbots influence human emotions and behaviours. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 2024;23(5):e49 View
  62. Xu Y, Bradford N, Garg R, Chakraborty P. Transparency Enhances Positive Perceptions of Social Artificial Intelligence. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies 2023;2023:1 View
  63. Yim M. Effect of AI Chatbot’s Interactivity on Consumers’ Negative Word-of-Mouth Intention: Mediating Role of Perceived Empathy and Anger. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 2024;40(18):5415 View
  64. Siglen E, Vetti H, Augestad M, Steen V, Lunde Å, Bjorvatn C. Evaluation of the Rosa Chatbot Providing Genetic Information to Patients at Risk of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer: Qualitative Interview Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2023;25:e46571 View
  65. Manning J, Blandford A, Edbrooke-Childs J. High School Teachers’ Experiences of Consumer Technologies for Stress Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Qualitative Study. JMIR Formative Research 2023;7:e50460 View
  66. Liu I, Liu F, Xiao Y, Huang Y, Wu S, Ni S. Investigating the Key Success Factors of Chatbot-Based Positive Psychology Intervention with Retrieval- and Generative Pre-Trained Transformer (GPT)-Based Chatbots. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 2025;41(1):341 View
  67. Maples B, Cerit M, Vishwanath A, Pea R. Loneliness and suicide mitigation for students using GPT3-enabled chatbots. npj Mental Health Research 2024;3(1) View
  68. Rheu M, Dai Y, Meng J, Peng W. When a Chatbot Disappoints You: Expectancy Violation in Human-Chatbot Interaction in a Social Support Context. Communication Research 2024;51(7):782 View
  69. Thunström A, Carlsen H, Ali L, Larson T, Hellström A, Steingrimsson S. Usability Comparison Among Healthy Participants of an Anthropomorphic Digital Human and a Text-Based Chatbot as a Responder to Questions on Mental Health: Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Human Factors 2024;11:e54581 View
  70. Kim Y. AI Health Counselor’s Self-Disclosure: Its Impact on User Responses Based on Individual and Cultural Variation. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 2025;41(4):2184 View
  71. Jecker N, Sparrow R, Lederman Z, Ho A. Digital Humans to Combat Loneliness and Social Isolation: Ethics Concerns and Policy Recommendations. Hastings Center Report 2024;54(1):7 View
  72. Sauer J, Sonderegger A, Semmer N. The role of social support in human-automation interaction. Ergonomics 2024;67(6):732 View
  73. Lee I, Hahn S. On the relationship between mind perception and social support of chatbots. Frontiers in Psychology 2024;15 View
  74. Huang S, Lai X, Ke L, Li Y, Wang H, Zhao X, Dai X, Wang Y. AI Technology panic—is AI Dependence Bad for Mental Health? A Cross-Lagged Panel Model and the Mediating Roles of Motivations for AI Use Among Adolescents. Psychology Research and Behavior Management 2024;Volume 17:1087 View
  75. Crawford J, Allen K, Pani B, Cowling M. When artificial intelligence substitutes humans in higher education: the cost of loneliness, student success, and retention. Studies in Higher Education 2024;49(5):883 View
  76. SARIOĞLU E, GÜREGEN E. Duygusal Yalnızlığa Bir Çözüm Olarak Chatgpt: Kişilerarası İletişimin Yeni Aracı. Türkiye İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi 2024 View
  77. Guingrich R, Graziano M. Ascribing consciousness to artificial intelligence: human-AI interaction and its carry-over effects on human-human interaction. Frontiers in Psychology 2024;15 View
  78. Wei J, Kim S, Jung H, Kim Y. Leveraging Large Language Models to Power Chatbots for Collecting User Self-Reported Data. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 2024;8(CSCW1):1 View
  79. Kovačević N, Holz C, Gross M, Wampfler R. The Personality Dimensions GPT-3 Expresses During Human-Chatbot Interactions. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 2024;8(2):1 View
  80. Chin H, Yong Yi M. Exploring the influence of user characteristics on verbal aggression towards social chatbots. Behaviour & Information Technology 2025;44(8):1576 View
  81. An D. My Friend the Cross: Cross-Directed Prayer in Seventh-Century Monastic Communities and New Media Studies. Religions 2024;15(6):708 View
  82. Liu J. ChatGPT: perspectives from human–computer interaction and psychology. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence 2024;7 View
  83. Limpanopparat S, Gibson E, Harris D. User engagement, attitudes, and the effectiveness of chatbots as a mental health intervention: A systematic review. Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans 2024;2(2):100081 View
  84. Al Mazroui K, Alzyoudi M. The role of ChatGPT in mitigating loneliness among older adults: An exploratory study. Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies 2024;14(4):e202444 View
  85. Xian X, Chang A, Xiang Y, Liu M. Debate and Dilemmas Regarding Generative AI in Mental Health Care: Scoping Review. Interactive Journal of Medical Research 2024;13:e53672 View
  86. Goumas G, Dardavesis T, Syrigos K, Syrigos N, Simou E. Chatbots in Cancer Applications, Advantages and Disadvantages: All that Glitters Is Not Gold. Journal of Personalized Medicine 2024;14(8):877 View
  87. Li H, Zhang R, Yao M. Finding love in algorithms: deciphering the emotional contexts of close encounters with AI chatbots. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 2024;29(5) View
  88. Maslow G, Chung R, Heilbron N, Walter B. Innovative Approaches to Addressing Pediatric Mental Health. Pediatric Clinics of North America 2024;71(6):1151 View
  89. Heissler R, Jonáš J, Carre N, Mostovoy K, Bunge E, McDaniel B. Can AI Digital Personas for Well‐Being Provide Social Support? A Mixed‐Method Analysis of User Reviews. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies 2024;2024(1) View
  90. Pan S, Mou Y. Constructing the meaning of human–AI romantic relationships from the perspectives of users dating the social chatbot Replika. Personal Relationships 2024;31(4):1090 View
  91. Rapp A, Di Lodovico C, Torrielli F, Di Caro L. How do people experience the images created by generative artificial intelligence? An exploration of people's perceptions, appraisals, and emotions related to a Gen-AI text-to-image model and its creations. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 2025;193:103375 View
  92. Roehrer E, Pokawinkoon P, Watters P, Sauer J, Scanlan J. Adolescent-Centric Design of an Online Safety Chatbot. Journal of Computer Information Systems 2024:1 View
  93. Lin Y, Li S. Searching for Love and Babies: A Qualitative Study on Online Social Support Among Women with Infertility. Health Communication 2024:1 View
  94. Shen J, DiPaola D, Ali S, Sap M, Park H, Breazeal C. Empathy Toward Artificial Intelligence Versus Human Experiences and the Role of Transparency in Mental Health and Social Support Chatbot Design: Comparative Study. JMIR Mental Health 2024;11:e62679 View
  95. Cao B, Li Z, Crystal Jiang L. When chatbots make errors: Cognitive and affective pathways to understanding forgiveness of chatbot errors. Telematics and Informatics 2024;94:102189 View
  96. Baines J, Dalal R, Ponce L, Tsai H. Advice from artificial intelligence: a review and practical implications. Frontiers in Psychology 2024;15 View
  97. Kolomaznik M, Petrik V, Slama M, Jurik V. The role of socio-emotional attributes in enhancing human-AI collaboration. Frontiers in Psychology 2024;15 View
  98. Siddals S, Torous J, Coxon A. “It happened to be the perfect thing”: experiences of generative AI chatbots for mental health. npj Mental Health Research 2024;3(1) View
  99. Liao T, Rodwell E, Porter D. Media frames, AI romantic relationships, and the perspectives of people in relationships; mapping and comparing news media themes with user perspectives. Information, Communication & Society 2024;27(12):2314 View
  100. Chin H, Zhunis A, Cha M. Behaviors and Perceptions of Human-Chatbot Interactions Based on Top Active Users of a Commercial Social Chatbot. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 2024;8(CSCW2):1 View
  101. Lin B. The AI Chatbot Always Flirts With Me, Should I Flirt Back: From the McDonaldization of Friendship to the Robotization of Love. Social Media + Society 2024;10(4) View
  102. Kim J, Baek T. Motivational determinants of continuance usage intention for generative AI: an investment model approach for ChatGPT users in the United States. Behaviour & Information Technology 2024:1 View
  103. Matsangidou M, Solomou T, Frangoudes F, Papayianni E, Kkeli N, Pattichi C. “Transported to a better place”: The influence of virtual reality on the behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 2025;196:103413 View
  104. Kim J, Jin X, Xu K, Chen X, Yang H. What do people say about Replika, an AI chatbot, on social media? Investigating diverse perspectives on the implications of Replika through a topic modeling analysis. The Social Science Journal 2024:1 View
  105. Döring N, Le T, Vowels L, Vowels M, Marcantonio T. The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Human Sexuality: A Five-Year Literature Review 2020–2024. Current Sexual Health Reports 2024;17(1) View
  106. Jia C, Qi H. Users’ health information sharing behavior in social media: an integrated model. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 2024;11(1) View
  107. Bozdağ A. The AI-mediated intimacy economy: a paradigm shift in digital interactions. AI & SOCIETY 2025;40(4):2285 View
  108. Wang P, Yue Y, Ouyang M, Yin L, Yin Y, Li B. Do Narcissistic People Exhibit More Authentic Self-Disclosure to Generative AI? The Roles of Short-Form Video Addiction, Loneliness, and Usage Intention. Social Science Computer Review 2024 View
  109. Yousif N, Youssef E, Gad S. E‐Kalaiva AI Technology in the Education of Social Work Students: Meeting the Sustainable Development Goals. European Journal of Education 2025;60(1) View
  110. Kefi H, Khelladi I, Mani Z, Veg-Sala N. AI-enabled social support chatbot usage: flowing ambivalence and liminalities. Journal of Decision Systems 2024:1 View
  111. Aldraiweesh A, Alturki U. The Influence of Social Support Theory on AI Acceptance: Examining Educational Support and Perceived Usefulness Using SEM Analysis. IEEE Access 2025;13:18366 View
  112. Mohamed Jasim K, Malathi A, Bhardwaj S, Aw E. A systematic review of AI-based chatbot usages in healthcare services. Journal of Health Organization and Management 2025 View
  113. Rapp A, Di Lodovico C, Di Caro L. How do people react to ChatGPT's unpredictable behavior? Anthropomorphism, uncanniness, and fear of AI: A qualitative study on individuals’ perceptions and understandings of LLMs’ nonsensical hallucinations. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 2025;198:103471 View
  114. Yankouskaya A, Liebherr M, Ali R. Can ChatGPT Be Addictive? A Call to Examine the Shift from Support to Dependence in AI Conversational Large Language Models. Human-Centric Intelligent Systems 2025;5(1):77 View
  115. Soman G, Judy M, Abou A. Human guided empathetic AI agent for mental health support leveraging reinforcement learning-enhanced retrieval-augmented generation. Cognitive Systems Research 2025;90:101337 View
  116. Guo M, Liu Z. Hysteria in empathy: Understanding virtual companionship and emotional connection between humans and Al. Theory & Psychology 2025;35(2):163 View
  117. Hu D, Lan Y, Yan H, Chen C. What makes you attached to social companion AI? A two-stage exploratory mixed-method study. International Journal of Information Management 2025;83:102890 View
  118. Fernandez-Borsot G. Artificial intelligence and the future of otherness: what kind of other can an AI be for a human?. AI & SOCIETY 2025 View
  119. Esmaeilzadeh P, Hassanein K, Head M. AI-human interactions in healthcare: exploring users’ post-adoption behaviors of AI mental health chatbots. Behaviour & Information Technology 2025:1 View
  120. Shankar R, Bundele A, Mukhopadhyay A. Effectiveness of Chatbot interventions for reducing caregiver burden: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. MethodsX 2025;14:103272 View
  121. Xu S. How can technology support young people’s mental health and well-being? Not a replacement for traditional therapy, but a complement to existing mental health services. Mental Health and Digital Technologies 2025 View
  122. Hopman K, Richards D, Norberg M. A staged approach to the development of an embodied conversational agent to support wellbeing after injury. Behaviour & Information Technology 2025:1 View
  123. Zhang X, Chen H, Ma Y. When You Feel You Own AI Assistants: How Consumer Ownership Enhances Consumers' Adoption Intention. Journal of Consumer Behaviour 2025 View
  124. Silayach N, Ray R, Singh N, Dash D, Singh A. When algorithms meet emotions: Understanding consumer satisfaction in AI companion applications. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 2025;85:104298 View
  125. Ma S, Koike M. Becoming Human: How Perceived Anthropomorphism and Authenticity Influence Romantic Attractiveness of Chat Agents. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 2025:1 View
  126. Hung J, Hartanto A, Goh A, Eun Z, Kasturiratna K, Lee Z, Majeed N. The efficacy of incorporating Artificial Intelligence (AI) chatbots in brief gratitude and self-affirmation interventions: Evidence from two exploratory experiments. Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans 2025;4:100151 View
  127. Puhlman D, Chen C. Challenges and opportunities in using interpretable AI to develop relationship interventions. Family Relations 2025 View
  128. Weinstein N, Itzchakov G, Maniaci M. Exploring the connecting potential of AI: Integrating human interpersonal listening and parasocial support into human-computer interactions. Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans 2025;4:100149 View
  129. Jiang J, Yang Y. GymBuddy and Elomia, AI-integrated applications, effects on the mental health of the students with psychological disorders. BMC Psychology 2025;13(1) View
  130. M S, N V. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Generated Health Counseling For Mental Illness Patients. Current Psychiatry Research and Reviews 2025;21(3):269 View
  131. Djufril R, Frampton J, Knobloch-Westerwick S. Love, marriage, pregnancy: Commitment processes in romantic relationships with AI chatbots. Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans 2025;4:100155 View
  132. Malfacini K. The impacts of companion AI on human relationships: risks, benefits, and design considerations. AI & SOCIETY 2025 View
  133. McDaniel B, Coupe A, Weston A, Pater J. A brief commentary on human–AI attachment and possible impacts on family dynamics. Family Relations 2025 View
  134. Kitchens M, Meier B. The fearful mind of artificial intelligence: fear and perceived existential threat of artificial intelligence as a function of its cognitive and emotional capabilities. The Journal of Social Psychology 2025:1 View
  135. Scholich T, Barr M, Wiltsey Stirman S, Raj S. A Comparison of Responses from Human Therapists and Large Language Model–Based Chatbots to Assess Therapeutic Communication: Mixed Methods Study. JMIR Mental Health 2025;12:e69709 View

Books/Policy Documents

  1. van Wezel M, Croes E, Antheunis M. Chatbot Research and Design. View
  2. Benítez-Guijarro A, Bond R, Booth F, Callejas Z, Ennis E, Esposito A, Kraus M, McConvey G, McTear M, Mulvenna M, Potts C, Pragst L, Turkington R, Wagner N, Zheng H. Conversational Dialogue Systems for the Next Decade. View
  3. Pesonen J. Learning and Collaboration Technologies: Games and Virtual Environments for Learning. View
  4. Hernández-Carvajal E, Gómez-Ramírez D. Artificial Intelligence for COVID-19. View
  5. Simões de Almeida R, da Silva T. Digital Therapies in Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Mental Health. View
  6. Weijers D, Munn N. Philosophy and Theory of Artificial Intelligence 2021. View
  7. Weber-Guskar E. Social Robotics and the Good Life. View
  8. Brandtzaeg P, You Y, Wang X, Lao Y. HCI International 2023 – Late Breaking Papers. View
  9. Kovalyova A. Generative AI in Teaching and Learning. View
  10. Pani B, Crawford J, Allen K. Applications of Generative AI. View
  11. Goodings L, Ellis D, Tucker I. Understanding Mental Health Apps. View
  12. Salles A, Wajnerman Paz A. Brains and Machines: Towards a Unified Ethics of AI and Neuroscience. View
  13. Koukopoulos A, Danias N. Inclusivity and Accessibility in Digital Health. View
  14. Kossack P, Unger H. Advances in Real-Time and Autonomous Systems. View
  15. Weijers D, Munn N. Fostering Consumer Well-Being. View
  16. Guingrich R, Graziano M. Oxford Intersections: AI in Society. View
  17. Munn N, Weijers D. Oxford Intersections: AI in Society. View
  18. Brandtzaeg P, Skjuve M, Følstad A. Oxford Intersections: AI in Society. View
  19. Shank D. The Machine Penalty. View

Conference Proceedings

  1. Wardhana A, Ferdiana R, Hidayah I. 2021 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Mechatronics Systems (AIMS). Empathetic Chatbot Enhancement and Development: A Literature Review View
  2. Wang Q, Jing S, Goel A. Designing Interactive Systems Conference. Co-Designing AI Agents to Support Social Connectedness Among Online Learners: Functionalities, Social Characteristics, and Ethical Challenges View
  3. Damij N, Bhattacharya S. 2022 IEEE Technology and Engineering Management Conference (TEMSCON EUROPE). The Role of AI Chatbots in Mental Health Related Public Services in a (Post)Pandemic World: A Review and Future Research Agenda View
  4. He W, Lau R. 2021 Second International Conference on Intelligent Data Science Technologies and Applications (IDSTA). A Hybrid Deep Learning Model for Emotion Detection in Emotion-sensitive Robo-advisors View
  5. Sadeghian S, Hassenzahl M. 27th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces. The ”Artificial” Colleague: Evaluation of Work Satisfaction in Collaboration with Non-human Coworkers View
  6. Fang N, Zhang C, Sankaran S, Ren S. 2022 17th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI). Role of Socially Assistive Robots in Reducing Anxiety and Preserving Autonomy in Children View
  7. Bowie-DaBreo D, Sas C, Iles-Smith H, Sünram-Lea S. CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. User Perspectives and Ethical Experiences of Apps for Depression: A Qualitative Analysis of User Reviews View
  8. Yorita A, Egerton S, Chan C, Kubota N. 2021 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI). Development of Esteem Support based on Psychodrama and Design Thinking approach View
  9. Reicherts L, Park G, Rogers Y. Proceedings of the 4th Conference on Conversational User Interfaces. Extending Chatbots to Probe Users: Enhancing Complex Decision-Making Through Probing Conversations View
  10. Legaspi Jr. C, Pacana T, Loja K, Sing C, Ong E. Asian HCI Symposium '22. User Perception of Wysa as a Mental Well-being Support Tool during the COVID-19 Pandemic View
  11. Xygkou A, Siriaraya P, Covaci A, Prigerson H, Neimeyer R, Ang C, She W. Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. The "Conversation" about Loss: Understanding How Chatbot Technology was Used in Supporting People in Grief. View
  12. Shao R. Proceedings of the 2nd Empathy-Centric Design Workshop. An Empathetic AI for Mental Health Intervention: Conceptualizing and Examining Artificial Empathy View
  13. Saccardi I, Masthoff J. Adjunct Proceedings of the 31st ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. Adapting Emotional Support in Teams: Emotional Stability and Productivity View
  14. Zhang M, Papachristos E, Merritt T. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Conversational User Interfaces. Facilitating Mindful Eating with a Voice Assistant View
  15. Bae Brandtzæg P, Skjuve M, Kristoffer Dysthe K, Følstad A. Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. When the Social Becomes Non-Human: Young People's Perception of Social Support in Chatbots View
  16. Booth F, Potts C, Bond R, Mulvenna M, Ennis E, Mctear M. Proceedings of the 33rd European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics. Review mining to discover user experience issues in mental health and wellbeing chatbots View
  17. Croes E, Antheunis M, He L. 2023 11th International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction Workshops and Demos (ACIIW). You Go First: The Effects of Self-Disclosure Reciprocity in Human-Chatbot Interactions View
  18. Karim S, Kang J, Girouard A. Proceedings of the 2023 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference. Exploring Rulebook Accessibility and Companionship in Board Games via Voiced-based Conversational Agent Alexa View
  19. Xygkou A, Ang C, Siriaraya P, Kopecki J, Covaci A, Kanjo E, She W. Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. MindTalker: Navigating the Complexities of AI-Enhanced Social Engagement for People with Early-Stage Dementia View
  20. Wang C, Tseng Y. Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. “I Don't Want to be Pitied by a Bot”: Understand How to Design Chatbots to Support People Being Ghosted on Dating Applications View
  21. Ma Z, Mei Y, Long Y, Su Z, Gajos K. Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Evaluating the Experience of LGBTQ+ People Using Large Language Model Based Chatbots for Mental Health Support View
  22. Zhu G, Zhou Y, Wei H. 2024 13th International Conference on Educational and Information Technology (ICEIT). Development of an Artificial Intelligence based Counseling Assistance Platform for College Students View
  23. Liu T, Zhao H, Liu Y, Wang X, Peng Z. Proceedings of the 37th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology. ComPeer: A Generative Conversational Agent for Proactive Peer Support View
  24. Altwala N, Bull C, Kirk D. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction. Exploring the Potential of AI Chatbots for Supporting Individuals with Dementia: Thematic Insights from User-Centered Workshops View
  25. Shayaninasab M, Zahoor M, Yalçın Ö. Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents. Empathic Dialog Systems for Patient Intake: Balancing Task-Completion and Emotional Support using RAGs View
  26. Huang H, Chang J. Proceedings of the 2024 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Teacher Education. Human-AI Interactions in Teacher Education: Examining Social Presence and Friendship View
  27. Azam A, Naz Z, Khan M. 2024 18th International Conference on Open Source Systems and Technologies (ICOSST). CancerBot: A Retrieval-Augmented Generation based Cancer Chatbot Using Large Language Models View
  28. Yu H, Tang F, Zhang L, Gomez R, Nichols E, Li G. 2024 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics (ROBIO). Improving Perceived Emotional Intelligence of Embodied Chatbot Haru via Multi-Modal Interaction View
  29. Freeman G, Schulenberg K, Li L, Panchanadikar R, McNeese N. Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. "Comforting and Small Like a House Cat, Big and Intimidating Like a Bodyguard": How Women Perceive and Envision AI Companions as a New Harassment Mitigation Approach in Social VR View
  30. Huang J, Kim I, Yoon D. Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Mirror to Companion: Exploring Roles, Values, and Risks of AI Self-Clones through Story Completion View
  31. Guan H, Jamieson J, Gao G, Yamashita N. Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Unpacking Negative Feelings and Perceptual Gaps About Social Interactions with Conversational AI View
  32. Pan S, de Graaf M. Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Developing a Social Support Framework: Understanding the Reciprocity in Human-Chatbot Relationship View
  33. Jamieson J, Akahori W, Yamashita N. Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Understanding Cyber Hostility, Gossip, Exclusion, and Social Support in Remote and Hybrid Work Settings: Benefits and Challenges of Remote Work View
  34. Kollig F, Pater J, Nova F, Fiesler C. Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Fictional Failures and Real-World Lessons: Ethical Speculation Through Design Fiction on Emotional Support Conversational AI View
  35. Wang Y, Wang Y, Crace K, Zhang Y. Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Understanding Attitudes and Trust of Generative AI Chatbots for Social Anxiety Support View
  36. Geng S, Inayoshi R, Yang C, Sramek Z, Umeda Y, Kasahara C, Sato A, Hosio S, Yatani K. Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Beyond the Dialogue: Multi-chatbot Group Motivational Interviewing for Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) Management View
  37. Chabot É, Jaworski E, Renaud P. 2024 IEEE/WIC International Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology (WI-IAT). Pervasive Teledildonics: How AI Aims to Impact Human sexuality View