Integration of Psychiatric Advance Directives Into the Patient-Accessible Electronic Health Record: Exploring the Promise and Limitations

Julian Schwarz   ^{1, 2} , MD ;   Eva Meier-Diedrich   ^{1, 2} , MSc ;   Matthé Scholten   ³ , PhD ;   Lucy Stephenson   ⁴ , MRCPsych, PhD ;   John Torous   ⁵ , MBI, MD ;   Florian Wurster   ^{6, 7} , MSc ;   Charlotte Blease   ⁸ , PhD

¹ Center for Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Immanuel Hospital Rüdersdorf, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Rüdersdorf, Germany

² Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany

³ Institute for Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany

⁴ South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom

⁵ Division of Digital Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States

⁶ Chair of Quality Development and Evaluation in Rehabilitation, Institute of Medical Sociology Health Services Research, and Rehabilitation Science, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

⁷ Faculty of Human Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

⁸ Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden