Uncovering Social States in Healthy and Clinical Populations Using Digital Phenotyping and Hidden Markov Models: Observational Study

Imogen E Leaning   ^{1, 2} , MSc ;   Andrea Costanzo   ³ , PhD ;   Raj Jagesar   ³ , PhD ;   Lianne M Reus   ^{4, 5, 6} , PhD ;   Pieter Jelle Visser   ^{4, 7, 8} , MD, PhD ;   Martien J H Kas   ³ , Prof Dr ;   Christian F Beckmann   ^{1, 2} , Prof Dr ;   Henricus G Ruhé   ^{1, 9} , MD, PhD ;   Andre F Marquand   ^{1, 2, 10} , Prof Dr

¹ Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

² Department for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

³ Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

⁴ Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

⁵ Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

⁶ Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States

⁷ Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

⁸ Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

⁹ Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

¹⁰ Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom