Machine Learning–Based Prediction of Neurodegenerative Disease in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes by Derivation and Validation in 2 Independent Korean Cohorts: Model Development and Validation Study

Hyunji Sang   ^{1, 2 *} , MD, MSc ;   Hojae Lee   ^{2, 3 *} , MSc ;   Jaeyu Park   ^{2, 3} , MSc ;   Sunyoung Kim   ⁴ , MD, PhD ;   Ho Geol Woo   ⁵ , MD, PhD ;   Ai Koyanagi   ⁶ , MD, PhD ;   Lee Smith   ⁷ , PhD ;   Sihoon Lee   ⁸ , MD, PhD ;   You-Cheol Hwang   ⁹ , MD, PhD ;   Tae Sun Park   ¹⁰ , MD, PhD ;   Hyunjung Lim   ¹¹ , PhD ;   Dong Keon Yon   ^{2, 3, 12, 13} , MD, PhD ;   Sang Youl Rhee   ^{1, 2, 3, 12} , MD, PhD

¹ Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

² Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

³ Department of Regulatory Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

⁴ Department of Family Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

⁵ Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

⁶ Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain

⁷ Centre for Health, Performance and Wellbeing, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom

⁸ Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea

⁹ Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong and Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

¹⁰ Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea

¹¹ Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea

¹² Department of Precision Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

¹³ Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

*these authors contributed equally