Exploring Relations Between Unique Patient Characteristics and Virtual Reality Immersion Level on Anxiety and Pain in Patients Undergoing Venipuncture: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Control Trial

Jeffrey I Gold   ^{1, 2} , PhD ;   Krystal M Akbar   ³ , PhD ;   Sandra Avila   ³ , PsyD ;   Nhat H Ngo   ⁴ , BA, BS ;   Margaret J Klein   ² , MS

¹ Departments of Anesthesiology, Pediatrics, and Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States

² Department of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States

³ The Saban Research Institute at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States

⁴ Department of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine, The Biobehavioral Pain Lab, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States