Natural Language Processing of Referral Letters for Machine Learning–Based Triaging of Patients With Low Back Pain to the Most Appropriate Intervention: Retrospective Study

Sebastian Fudickar   ^{1, 2} , PD, Dr habil ;   Carsten Bantel   ^{3, 4} , Priv Doz, Dr med, PhD ;   Jannik Spieker   ² , MSc ;   Heinrich Töpfer   ² , BSc ;   Patrick Stegeman   ⁵ , MSc ;   Henrica R Schiphorst Preuper   ⁵ , MD, PhD ;   Michiel F Reneman   ⁵ , Prof Dr ;   André P Wolff   ⁶ , Prof Dr ;   Remko Soer   ^{6, 7} , MSc, PhD

¹ Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

² Department of Medicine and Public Health, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany

³ University Clinic for Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany

⁴ University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany

⁵ Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands

⁶ Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands

⁷ Research Group Smart Health, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, Enschede, Netherlands