Public Preferences for Digital Health Data Sharing: Discrete Choice Experiment Study in 12 European Countries

Roberta Biasiotto   ^{1, 2} , PhD ;   Jennifer Viberg Johansson   ³ , PhD ;   Melaku Birhanu Alemu   ^{4, 5} , MPH, MSc ;   Virginia Romano   ¹ , PhD ;   Heidi Beate Bentzen   ^{6, 7} , LLM ;   Jane Kaye   ^{8, 9} , PhD ;   Mirko Ancillotti   ³ , PhD ;   Johanna Maria Catharina Blom   ^{2, 10} , PhD ;   Gauthier Chassang   ^{11, 12} , ML ;   Dara Hallinan   ¹³ , PhD ;   Guðbjörg Andrea Jónsdóttir   ¹⁴ , PhD ;   Aníbal Monasterio Astobiza   ¹⁵ , PhD ;   Emmanuelle Rial-Sebbag   ^{11, 12} , PhD ;   David Rodríguez-Arias   ¹⁶ , PhD ;   Nisha Shah   ⁸ , BSc, MSc ;   Lea Skovgaard   ¹⁷ , MSc ;   Ciara Staunton   ^{1, 18} , LLM, PhD ;   Katharina Tschigg   ^{1, 19} , MSc ;   Jorien Veldwijk   ^{20, 21 *} , PhD ;   Deborah Mascalzoni   ^{1, 3 *} , PhD

¹ Institute for Biomedicine (Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck), Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy

² Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy

³ Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

⁴ Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia

⁵ Department of Health Systems and Policy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia

⁶ Centre for Medical Ethics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

⁷ Norwegian Research Center for Computers and Law, Faculty of Law, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

⁸ Centre for Health, Law and Emerging Technologies (HeLEX), Faculty of Law, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

⁹ Centre for Health, Law and Emerging Technologies, Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia

¹⁰ Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy

¹¹ Ethics and Biosciences Platform (Genotoul Societal), Genotoul, Centre for Epidemiology and Research in Population Health, UMR1295, Inserm, Toulouse, France

¹² Centre for Epidemiology and Research in Population Health, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (Inserm)/Toulouse University, Toulouse, France

¹³ FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz-Institut für Informationsinfrastruktur, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany

¹⁴ Social Science Research Institute, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland

¹⁵ Departamento de Filosofía I, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain

¹⁶ FiloLab-UGR, Department of Philosophy 1, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

¹⁷ Centre for Medical STS (MeST), Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

¹⁸ School of Law, University of Kwazulunatal, Durban, South Africa

¹⁹ Department of Cellular, Computational, and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy

²⁰ Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands

²¹ Erasmus Choice Modeling Centre, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands

*these authors contributed equally