Defining Misinformation and Related Terms in Health-Related Literature: Scoping Review

Ibrahim K El Mikati   ^{1 *} , MD ;   Reem Hoteit   ^{2 *} , MSc ;   Tarek Harb   ³ , MD ;   Ola El Zein   ⁴ , PhD ;   Thomas Piggott   ^{5, 6} , MD, PhD ;   Jad Melki   ⁷ , PhD ;   Reem A Mustafa   ^{1, 5} , MD, PhD ;   Elie A Akl   ^{5, 8} , MD, PhD

¹ Outcomes and Implementation Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States

² Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon

³ Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States

⁴ University Libraries, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon

⁵ Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

⁶ Department of Family Medicine, Queens University, Kingston, ON, Canada

⁷ Institute of Media Research and Training, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon

⁸ Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon

*these authors contributed equally