Challenges in Using mHealth Data From Smartphones and Wearable Devices to Predict Depression Symptom Severity: Retrospective Analysis

Shaoxiong Sun   ¹ , PhD ;   Amos A Folarin   ^{1, 2, 3, 4, 5} , PhD ;   Yuezhou Zhang   ¹ , PhD ;   Nicholas Cummins   ¹ , PhD ;   Rafael Garcia-Dias   ⁶ , PhD ;   Callum Stewart   ¹ , MSc ;   Yatharth Ranjan   ¹ , MSc ;   Zulqarnain Rashid   ¹ , PhD ;   Pauline Conde   ¹ , BSc ;   Petroula Laiou   ¹ , PhD ;   Heet Sankesara   ¹ , BSc ;   Faith Matcham   ^{7, 8} , PhD ;   Daniel Leightley   ⁷ , PhD ;   Katie M White   ⁷ , BSc ;   Carolin Oetzmann   ⁷ , MSc ;   Alina Ivan   ⁷ , MSc ;   Femke Lamers   ^{9, 10} , PhD ;   Sara Siddi   ^{11, 12, 13} , PhD ;   Sara Simblett   ¹⁴ , PhD ;   Raluca Nica   ^{15, 16} , MD ;   Aki Rintala   ^{17, 18} , PhD ;   David C Mohr   ¹⁹ , PhD ;   Inez Myin-Germeys   ¹⁷ , PhD ;   Til Wykes   ^{14, 20} , PhD ;   Josep Maria Haro   ^{11, 12, 13} , MD ;   Brenda W J H Penninx   ^{9, 10} , PhD ;   Srinivasan Vairavan   ²¹ , PhD ;   Vaibhav A Narayan   ²² , PhD ;   Peter Annas   ²³ , PhD ;   Matthew Hotopf   ^{3, 7, 20} , PhD ;   Richard J B Dobson   ^{1, 2, 3, 4, 5} , PhD ;   RADAR-CNS Consortium   ²⁴

¹ Department of Biostatistics & Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom

² Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom

³ NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom

⁴ Health Data Research UK London, University College London, London, United Kingdom

⁵ NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at University College London Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom

⁶ Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom

⁷ Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom

⁸ School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom

⁹ Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands

¹⁰ Mental Health Program, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands

¹¹ Teaching Research and Innovation Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain

¹² Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Madrid, Spain

¹³ Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

¹⁴ Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom

¹⁵ RADAR-CNS Patient Advisory Board, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

¹⁶ The Romanian League for Mental Health, Bucharest, Romania

¹⁷ Department of Neurosciences, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

¹⁸ Physical Activity and Functional Capacity Research Group, Faculty of Health Care and Social Services, LAB University of Applied Sciences, Lahti, Finland

¹⁹ Center for Behavioral Intervention Technologies, Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States

²⁰ South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom

²¹ Janssen Research and Development LLC, Titusville, NJ, United States

²² Davos Alzheimer’s Collaborative, Wayne, PA, United States

²³ H Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark

²⁴ See Acknowledgments, London, United Kingdom