Physical Versus Virtual Reality–Based Calm Rooms for Psychiatric Inpatients: Quasi-Randomized Trial

Maria Ilioudi   ^{1, 2} , MSc, RN ;   Philip Lindner   ³ , PhD ;   Lilas Ali   ^{1, 2, 4} , PhD, RN ;   Sara Wallström   ^{1, 2, 5} , PhD, RN ;   Almira Osmanovic Thunström   ^{1, 6} , MA ;   Michael Ioannou   ^{1, 6} , MD ;   Nicole Anving   ¹ , MSc, RN ;   Viktor Johansson   ¹ , MSc, RN ;   William Hamilton   ⁷ ;   Örjan Falk   ⁶ , MD, PhD ;   Steinn Steingrimsson   ^{1, 6} , BSc, MD, PhD

¹ Psychiatric Department, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden

² Institute of Health Care Sciences, Centre for Person-Centred Care, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

³ Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Sweden

⁴ University of Gothenburg Centre for Person-Centred Care, Gothenburg, Sweden

⁵ Region Västragötaland, Forensic Psychiatric Department, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

⁶ Section of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

⁷ Mediary, Stockholm, Sweden