Accuracy and Systematic Biases of Heart Rate Measurements by Consumer-Grade Fitness Trackers in Postoperative Patients: Prospective Clinical Trial

Philipp Helmer   ¹ , MD ;   Sebastian Hottenrott   ¹ , MD ;   Philipp Rodemers   ¹ ;   Robert Leppich   ² , MSc ;   Maja Helwich   ¹ ;   Rüdiger Pryss   ³ , Prof Dr ;   Peter Kranke   ¹ , Prof Dr ;   Patrick Meybohm   ¹ , Prof Dr ;   Bernd E Winkler   ^{1 *} , MD ;   Michael Sammeth   ^{1, 4 *} , Prof Dr

¹ Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

² Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

³ Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

⁴ Department of Applied Sciences, Coburg University, Coburg, Germany

*these authors contributed equally