Using Intervention Mapping to Develop a Decision Support System–Based Smartphone App (selfBACK) to Support Self-management of Nonspecific Low Back Pain: Development and Usability Study

Malene Jagd Svendsen   ^{1, 2} , MSc ;   Louise Fleng Sandal   ¹ , PhD ;   Per Kjær   ^{1, 3} , PhD ;   Barbara I Nicholl   ⁴ , PhD ;   Kay Cooper   ⁵ , PhD ;   Frances Mair   ⁴ , MD, PhD ;   Jan Hartvigsen   ^{1, 6} , PhD ;   Mette Jensen Stochkendahl   ^{1, 6} , PhD ;   Karen Søgaard   ^{1, 7} , PhD ;   Paul Jarle Mork   ⁸ , PhD ;   Charlotte Rasmussen   ² , PhD

¹ Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

² The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark

³ Health Sciences Research Centre, UCL University College, Odense, Denmark

⁴ Institute of Health and Wellbeing, General Practice & Primary Care, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom

⁵ School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom

⁶ Chiropractic Knowledge Hub, Odense, Denmark

⁷ Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

⁸ Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway