Understanding the Nature of Metadata: Systematic Review

Hannes Ulrich   ^{1, 2} , MSc ;   Ann-Kristin Kock-Schoppenhauer   ¹ , MSc ;   Noemi Deppenwiese   ³ , MSc ;   Robert Gött   ⁴ , MSc ;   Jori Kern   ^{5, 6} , BSc ;   Martin Lablans   ^{5, 6} , PhD ;   Raphael W Majeed   ^{7, 8} , MSc ;   Mark R Stöhr   ⁷ ;   Jürgen Stausberg   ⁹ , MD ;   Julian Varghese   ¹⁰ , MSc, MD ;   Martin Dugas   ¹¹ , MSc, MD ;   Josef Ingenerf   ^{1, 2} , PhD

¹ IT Center for Clinical Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

² Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

³ Chair of Medical Informatics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany

⁴ Department Epidemiology of Health Care and Community Health, Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

⁵ Federated Information Systems, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany

⁶ Complex Data Processing in Medical Informatics, University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany

⁷ Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany

⁸ Institute of Medical Informatics, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany

⁹ Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

¹⁰ Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany

¹¹ Institute of Medical Informatics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany