Artificial Intelligence Techniques That May Be Applied to Primary Care Data to Facilitate Earlier Diagnosis of Cancer: Systematic Review

Owain T Jones   ¹ , MPhil ;   Natalia Calanzani   ¹ , PhD ;   Smiji Saji   ¹ , MBBCHIR ;   Stephen W Duffy   ² , MSc ;   Jon Emery   ³ , DPhil ;   Willie Hamilton   ⁴ , MD ;   Hardeep Singh   ⁵ , MD, MPH ;   Niek J de Wit   ⁶ , MD ;   Fiona M Walter   ¹ , MD

¹ Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

² Wolfson Institute for Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom

³ Centre for Cancer Research and Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

⁴ College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom

⁵ Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States

⁶ Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands