Estimated Sleep Duration Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Major Metropolitan Areas on Different Continents: Observational Study of Smartphone App Data

Rebecca Robbins   ^{1, 2} , PhD ;   Mahmoud Affouf   ³ , PhD ;   Matthew D Weaver   ^{1, 2} , PhD ;   Mark É Czeisler   ^{4, 5} , AB ;   Laura K Barger   ^{1, 2} , PhD ;   Stuart F Quan   ^{1, 2} , MD ;   Charles A Czeisler   ^{1, 2} , MD, PhD, FRCP

¹ Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States

² Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States

³ Department of Mathematics, Kean University, Union, NJ, United States

⁴ School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Victoria, Australia

⁵ Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia