This paper is in the following e-collection/theme issue:

Digital Health Reviews (1724) Chatbots and Conversational Agents (740) Robots in Healthcare (122)

Published on in Vol 22, No 7 (2020): July

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/18839, first published .
Computer-Controlled Virtual Humans in Patient-Facing Systems: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Computer-Controlled Virtual Humans in Patient-Facing Systems: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Computer-Controlled Virtual Humans in Patient-Facing Systems: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Authors of this article:

Debaleena Chattopadhyay1 Author Orcid Image ;   Tengteng Ma2 Author Orcid Image ;   Hasti Sharifi1 Author Orcid Image ;   Pamela Martyn-Nemeth3 Author Orcid Image
Article Authors Cited by (48) Tweetations (31) Metrics

Journals

  1. Pimentel D, Vinkers C. Copresence With Virtual Humans in Mixed Reality: The Impact of Contextual Responsiveness on Social Perceptions. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 2021;8 View
  2. O'Flynn P, Grisham J. A pilot study of a motivational early intervention for excessive acquiring behaviours. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders 2021;31:100682 View
  3. Marcoux A, Tessier M, Grondin F, Reduron L, Jackson P. Perspectives fondamentale, clinique et sociétale de l’utilisation des personnages virtuels en santé mentale. Santé mentale au Québec 2021;46(1):35 View
  4. Guerreiro M, Angelini L, Rafael Henriques H, El Kamali M, Baixinho C, Balsa J, Félix I, Khaled O, Carmo M, Cláudio A, Caon M, Daher K, Alexandre B, Padinha M, Mugellini E. Conversational Agents for Health and Well-being Across the Life Course: Protocol for an Evidence Map. JMIR Research Protocols 2021;10(9):e26680 View
  5. Pimenta N, Félix I, Monteiro D, Marques M, Guerreiro M. Promoting Physical Activity in Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes via an Anthropomorphic Conversational Agent: Development of an Evidence and Theory-Based Multi-Behavior Intervention. Frontiers in Psychology 2022;13 View
  6. Loveys K, Hiko C, Sagar M, Zhang X, Broadbent E. “I felt her company”: A qualitative study on factors affecting closeness and emotional support seeking with an embodied conversational agent. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 2022;160:102771 View
  7. Loveys K, Antoni M, Donkin L, Sagar M, Broadbent E. Comparing the Feasibility and Acceptability of a Virtual Human, Teletherapy, and an e-Manual in Delivering a Stress Management Intervention to Distressed Adult Women: Pilot Study. JMIR Formative Research 2023;7:e42390 View
  8. Chua J, Choolani M, Chee C, Chan Y, Lalor J, Chong Y, Shorey S. Insights of Parents and Parents‐To‐Be in Using Chatbots to Improve Their Preconception, Pregnancy, and Postpartum Health: A Mixed Studies Review. Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health 2023;68(4):480 View
  9. Loveys K, Antoni M, Donkin L, Sagar M, Xu W, Broadbent E. Effects of Cognitive Behavioral Stress Management Delivered by a Virtual Human, Teletherapy, and an E-Manual on Psychological and Physiological Outcomes in Adult Women: An Experimental Test. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction 2022;6(11):99 View
  10. Huq S, Maskeliūnas R, Damaševičius R. Dialogue agents for artificial intelligence-based conversational systems for cognitively disabled: a systematic review. Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology 2024;19(3):1059 View
  11. Loveys K, Sagar M, Pickering I, Broadbent E. A Digital Human for Delivering a Remote Loneliness and Stress Intervention to At-Risk Younger and Older Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Randomized Pilot Trial. JMIR Mental Health 2021;8(11):e31586 View
  12. Abdulrahman A, Richards D, Bilgin A. Changing users’ health behaviour intentions through an embodied conversational agent delivering explanations based on users’ beliefs and goals. Behaviour & Information Technology 2023;42(9):1338 View
  13. Pauw L, Sauter D, van Kleef G, Lucas G, Gratch J, Fischer A. The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits. Computers in Human Behavior 2022;136:107368 View
  14. Pelly M, Fatehi F, Liew D, Verdejo-Garcia A. Artificial intelligence for secondary prevention of myocardial infarction: A qualitative study of patient and health professional perspectives. International Journal of Medical Informatics 2023;173:105041 View
  15. Guerreiro M, Balsa J, Carmo M, Cláudio A, Félix I. Usability Evaluation by Primary Care Providers of a Novel Digital Intervention for Type 2 Diabetes Self-Management in Older Adults. CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing 2023;41(4):185 View
  16. Giansanti D. The Chatbots Are Invading Us: A Map Point on the Evolution, Applications, Opportunities, and Emerging Problems in the Health Domain. Life 2023;13(5):1130 View
  17. Loveys K, Sagar M, Antoni M, Broadbent E. The Impact of Virtual Humans on Psychosomatic Medicine. Psychosomatic Medicine 2023;85(7):619 View
  18. Xu J, Yang L, Guo M. Designing and Evaluating an Emotionally Responsive Virtual Patient Simulation. Simulation in Healthcare: The Journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare 2024;19(3):196 View
  19. Loveys K, Lloyd E, Sagar M, Broadbent E. Development of a Virtual Human for Supporting Tobacco Cessation During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2023;25:e42310 View
  20. Kiuchi K, Otsu K, Hayashi Y. Psychological insights into the research and practice of embodied conversational agents, chatbots and social assistive robots: a systematic meta-review. Behaviour & Information Technology 2024;43(15):3696 View
  21. Zalake M. Doctors’ perceptions of using their digital twins in patient care. Scientific Reports 2023;13(1) View
  22. Ding H, Simmich J, Vaezipour A, Andrews N, Russell T. Evaluation framework for conversational agents with artificial intelligence in health interventions: a systematic scoping review. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 2024;31(3):746 View
  23. Choi D, Park J, Loeser M, Seo K. Improving counseling effectiveness with virtual counselors through nonverbal compassion involving eye contact, facial mimicry, and head-nodding. Scientific Reports 2024;14(1) View
  24. Marcoux A, Tessier M, Jackson P. Nonverbal behaviors perceived as most empathic in a simulated medical context. Computers in Human Behavior 2024;157:108268 View
  25. Kiuchi K, Umehara H, Irizawa K, Kang X, Nakataki M, Yoshida M, Numata S, Matsumoto K. An Exploratory Study of the Potential of Online Counseling for University Students by a Human-Operated Avatar Counselor. Healthcare 2024;12(13):1287 View
  26. Li S, Chen J. Virtual human on social media: Text mining and sentiment analysis. Technology in Society 2024;78:102666 View
  27. Lu M, Saeys W, Maryam M, Gjeleshi I, Nazarahari H, Truijen S, Scataglini S. Using 3D and 4D digital human modeling in extended reality-based rehabilitation: a systematic review. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 2025;13 View
  28. Pickering I, Law M, Loveys K, Sagar M, Skoluda N, Nater U, Broadbent E. Evaluation of a Virtual Human in Delivering Relaxation Exercises for Wound Healing and Stress Reduction: A Randomised Controlled Trial. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction 2025;9(4):34 View
  29. Miles O, Pinckard S, Gungor M, Ridge D, Nadarzynski T. Exploring acceptability of AI-enabled voice assistants and digital AI humans in healthcare: a cross-sectional survey. AI & SOCIETY 2025;40(8):6783 View
  30. Coleman S, Lynch C, Worlikar H, Kelly E, Loveys K, Simpkin A, Walsh J, Broadbent E, Finucane F, O' Keeffe D. “Digital Clinicians” Performing Obesity Medication Self-Injection Education: Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Diabetes 2025;10:e63503 View
  31. Zhang J, Ding Y, Zhang H, Zhang S, Wei X, Li Q, Zhang J. An experimental study on embodiment forms and interaction modes in affective robots for anxiety relief and emotional connection. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 2025;203:103584 View
  32. Reis J, Travado L, Antoni M. Advancing health psychology research in oncology: Biobehavioral models, stress pathways, and stress-management interventions for cancer patients. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology 2025;25(3):100615 View
  33. Dino M, Dion K, Abadir P, Budhathoki C, Huang C, Vital J, Rivero J, Malacas M, Hernandez R, Balbin P, Thiamwong L, Dennison Himmelfarb C, Davidson P, Lipsitz L. Virtual humans in geriatric care: an integrative review. The Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2025;80(9) View
  34. Wei S, Freeman D, Rovira A. Virtual Humans in Virtual Reality Mental Health Research: Systematic Review. JMIR XR and Spatial Computing 2025;2:e75087 View
  35. Rizzo A, Mozgai S, Sigaras A, Rubin J, Jotwani R. Expert Consensus Best Practices for the Safe, Ethical, and Effective Design and Implementation of Artificially Intelligent Conversational Agent (i.e., Chatbot/Virtual Human) Systems in Health Care Applications. Journal of Medical Extended Reality 2025;2(1):209 View
  36. Cao J, Gao W, Wen R, Li C, Hoermann S, Baghaei N, Billinghurst M. Digital Humans for Depression Assessment and Intervention Support: A Scoping Review (Preprint). JMIR Mental Health 2025 View
  37. Lim S, Yang Q, Meng J, Rains S. The role of communication in health-focused conversational AI: a review of systematic reviews examining conversational features, design characteristics, and interaction functions. Behaviour & Information Technology 2025:1 View

Books/Policy Documents

  1. Bickmore T. The Handbook on Socially Interactive Agents. View
  2. Bickmore T, Wallace B. Intelligent Systems in Medicine and Health. View
  3. van Haeringen E, Otte M, Gerritsen C. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. View

Conference Proceedings

  1. Roohi S, Skarbez R. 2022 IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Virtual Reality (AIVR). The Design and Development of a Goal-Oriented Framework for Emotional Virtual Humans View
  2. Wells A, Loveys K, Sagar M, Billinghurst M, Broadbent E. 2022 17th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI). An Exploration of Eye Gaze in Women During Reciprocal Self-Disclosure: Implications for Digital Human Design View
  3. Barange M, Rasendrasoa S, Bouabdelli M, Saunier J, Pauchet A. Proceedings of the 22nd ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents. Impact of adaptive multimodal empathic behavior on the user interaction View
  4. Vashishth T, Vikas , Kumar B, Panwar R, Kumar S, Chaudhary S. 2023 Second International Conference on Augmented Intelligence and Sustainable Systems (ICAISS). Exploring the Role of Computer Vision in Human Emotion Recognition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis View
  5. Marcoux A, Tessier M, Jackson P. Proceedings of the 23rd ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents. Nonverbal Markers of Empathy in Virtual Healthcare Professionals View
  6. Karhiy M, Sagar M, Antoni M, Loveys K, Broadbent E. 2023 11th International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction Workshops and Demos (ACIIW). Mindfulness based stress reduction: A randomised trial of a virtual human, teletherapy, and a chatbot View
  7. Schlesener E, Six S, Byrne K, Babu S. ACM Symposium on Applied Perception 2025. `Talk to Me': Comparing the Effects of Virtual Character Interaction Fidelity on Perceived Usability, User Experience, and Acceptance in a Mental Health Application View
  8. Liu M, Su Y. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Symposium of Chinese CHI. Enhancing Elderly Patients' Decision-Making and Experience in Hospitals through Virtual Agents View