Published on in Vol 22, No 6 (2020): June

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/17331, first published .
The Role of Virtual Reality in Improving Health Outcomes for Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Systematic Review

The Role of Virtual Reality in Improving Health Outcomes for Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Systematic Review

The Role of Virtual Reality in Improving Health Outcomes for Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Systematic Review

Journals

  1. Mascret N, Delbes L, Voron A, Temprado J, Montagne G. Acceptance of a Virtual Reality Headset Designed for Fall Prevention in Older Adults: Questionnaire Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2020;22(12):e20691 View
  2. Appel L, Kisonas E, Appel E, Klein J, Bartlett D, Rosenberg J, Smith C. Administering Virtual Reality Therapy to Manage Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms in Patients With Dementia Admitted to an Acute Care Hospital: Results of a Pilot Study. JMIR Formative Research 2021;5(2):e22406 View
  3. Saredakis D, Keage H, Corlis M, Loetscher T. Virtual reality intervention to improve apathy in residential aged care: protocol for a multisite non-randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2021;11(2):e046030 View
  4. Hill J, Harrison J, Harris C, Twamley J. Virtual reality, the COVID-19 pandemic and rehabilitation for community-dwelling older adults. British Journal of Community Nursing 2021;26(4):196 View
  5. Lima Rebêlo F, de Souza Silva L, Doná F, Sales Barreto A, de Souza Siqueira Quintans J. Immersive virtual reality is effective in the rehabilitation of older adults with balance disorders: A randomized clinical trial. Experimental Gerontology 2021;149:111308 View
  6. Seifert A, Schlomann A. The Use of Virtual and Augmented Reality by Older Adults: Potentials and Challenges. Frontiers in Virtual Reality 2021;2 View
  7. Chu C, Ronquillo C, Khan S, Hung L, Boscart V. Technology Recommendations to Support Person-Centered Care in Long-Term Care Homes during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond. Journal of Aging & Social Policy 2021;33(4-5):539 View
  8. Saredakis D, Keage H, Corlis M, Ghezzi E, Loffler H, Loetscher T. The Effect of Reminiscence Therapy Using Virtual Reality on Apathy in Residential Aged Care: Multisite Nonrandomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2021;23(9):e29210 View
  9. Xiao Y, Luo Q, Yu Y, Cao B, Wu M, Luo Y, Zhao Y, Zhou J. Effect of baduanjin on the fall and balance function in middle-aged and elderly people. Medicine 2021;100(37):e27250 View
  10. Beltran-Alacreu H, Navarro-Fernández G, Godia-Lledó D, Graell-Pasarón L, Ramos-González Á, Raya R, Martin-Pintado Zugasti A, Fernandez-Carnero J. A Serious Game for Performing Task-Oriented Cervical Exercises Among Older Adult Patients With Chronic Neck Pain: Development, Suitability, and Crossover Pilot Study. JMIR Serious Games 2022;10(1):e31404 View
  11. Zak M, Sikorski T, Krupnik S, Wasik M, Grzanka K, Courteix D, Dutheil F, Brola W. Physiotherapy Programmes Aided by VR Solutions Applied to the Seniors Affected by Functional Capacity Impairment: Randomised Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2022;19(10):6018 View
  12. Ma T, Zhang S, Zhu S, Ni J, Wu Q, Liu M. The new role of nursing in digital inclusion: Reflections on smartphone use and willingness to increase digital skills among Chinese older adults. Geriatric Nursing 2022;48:118 View
  13. Sadowski I, Khoury B. Nature-based mindfulness-compassion programs using virtual reality for older adults: A narrative literature review. Frontiers in Virtual Reality 2022;3 View
  14. Mehrabi S, Muñoz J, Basharat A, Boger J, Cao S, Barnett-Cowan M, Middleton L. Immersive Virtual Reality Exergames to Promote the Well-being of Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Pilot Study. JMIR Research Protocols 2022;11(6):e32955 View
  15. Dorado Chaparro J, Fernández-Bermejo Ruiz J, Santofimia Romero M, del Toro García X, Cantarero Navarro R, Bolaños Peño C, Llumiguano Solano H, Villanueva Molina F, Gonçalves Silva A, López J. Phyx.io: Expert-Based Decision Making for the Selection of At-Home Rehabilitation Solutions for Active and Healthy Aging. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2022;19(9):5490 View
  16. Delbes L, Mascret N, Goulon C, Montagne G. Validation of an immersive virtual reality device accepted by seniors that preserves the adaptive behavior produced in the real world. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 2022;10 View
  17. Goumopoulos C, Drakakis E, Gklavakis D. Feasibility and Acceptance of Augmented and Virtual Reality Exergames to Train Motor and Cognitive Skills of Elderly. Computers 2023;12(3):52 View
  18. Czaja S, Ceruso M. The Promise of Artificial Intelligence in Supporting an Aging Population. Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making 2022;16(4):182 View
  19. Sardina A, Mahlobo C, Gamaldo A, Allaire J, Whitfield K, Munoz E. Exploring the Association Between Affect and Leisure Activity Engagement in Black Adults. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B 2022;77(12):2157 View
  20. Restout J, Bernache-Assollant I, Morizio C, Boujut A, Angelini L, Tchalla A, Perrochon A. Fully Immersive Virtual Reality Using 360° Videos to Manage Well-Being in Older Adults: A Scoping Review. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 2023;24(4):564 View
  21. Margrett J, Ouverson K, Gilbert S, Phillips L, Charness N. Older Adults’ Use of Extended Reality: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Virtual Reality 2022;2 View
  22. Waycott J, Zhao W, Kelly R, Robertson E. Technology-Mediated Enrichment in Aged Care: Survey and Interview Study. JMIR Aging 2022;5(2):e31162 View
  23. Fan C, Choy C, Huang C, Chih P, Lee C, Lin F, Guo J. The effects of a combination of 3D virtual reality and hands-on horticultural activities on mastery, achievement motives, self-esteem, isolation and depression: a quasi-experimental study. BMC Geriatrics 2022;22(1) View
  24. Dincelli E, Yayla A. Immersive virtual reality in the age of the Metaverse: A hybrid-narrative review based on the technology affordance perspective. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems 2022;31(2):101717 View
  25. Li G, Li X, Chen L. Effects of virtual reality-based interventions on the physical and mental health of older residents in long-term care facilities: A systematic review. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2022;136:104378 View
  26. Benham S, Trinh L, Kropinski K, Grampurohit N. Effects of Community-Based Virtual Reality on Daily Activities and Quality of Life. Physical & Occupational Therapy In Geriatrics 2022;40(3):319 View
  27. Hamilton L, Gourley A, Krendl A. They Cannot, They Will Not, or We Are Asking the Wrong Questions: Re-examining Age-Related Decline in Social Cognition. Frontiers in Psychology 2022;13 View
  28. To-Miles F, Mann J, Hung L. Facilitators and barriers to using virtual reality and augmented reality and its impact on social engagement in aged care settings: a scoping review protocol. BMJ Open 2022;12(8):e061722 View
  29. Naumov A, Khovasova N, Moroz V, Meshkov A, Manevich T, Demenok D. Locomotive syndrome: a new view of fragility in older age. Russian Journal of Geriatric Medicine 2021;(3):372 View
  30. Cuesta M, Verty L, Ben Abdessalem H, Byrns A, Bruneau M, Frasson C, Belleville S. Virtual Reality and EEG-Based Intelligent Agent in Older Adults With Subjective Cognitive Decline: A Feasibility Study for Effects on Emotion and Cognition. Frontiers in Virtual Reality 2022;2 View
  31. Appel L, Appel E, Kisonas E, Lewis S, Sheng L. Virtual Reality for Veteran Relaxation: Can VR Therapy Help Veterans Living With Dementia Who Exhibit Responsive Behaviors?. Frontiers in Virtual Reality 2022;2 View
  32. Makmee P, Wongupparaj P. Virtual Reality-based Cognitive Intervention for Enhancing Executive Functions in Community-dwelling Older Adults. Psychosocial Intervention 2022;31(3):133 View
  33. Zhang Q, Fu Y, Lu Y, Zhang Y, Huang Q, Yang Y, Zhang K, Li M. Impact of Virtual Reality-Based Therapies on Cognition and Mental Health of Stroke Patients: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2021;23(11):e31007 View
  34. Muñoz J, Mehrabi S, Li Y, Basharat A, Middleton L, Cao S, Barnett-Cowan M, Boger J. Immersive Virtual Reality Exergames for Persons Living With Dementia: User-Centered Design Study as a Multistakeholder Team During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JMIR Serious Games 2022;10(1):e29987 View
  35. Blanco-Mora D, Aldridge A, Jorge C, Vourvopoulos A, Figueiredo P, Bermúdez I Badia S. Impact of age, VR, immersion, and spatial resolution on classifier performance for a MI-based BCI. Brain-Computer Interfaces 2022;9(3):169 View
  36. Cahill B, Braddock M. Back to the Future: The Rise of Human Enhancement and Potential Applications for Space Missions. Studia Humana 2022;11(1):17 View
  37. Ziegler D, Anguera J, Gallen C, Hsu W, Wais P, Gazzaley A. Leveraging technology to personalize cognitive enhancement methods in aging. Nature Aging 2022;2(6):475 View
  38. Denche-Zamorano A, Rodriguez-Redondo Y, Barrios-Fernandez S, Mendoza-Muñoz M, Castillo-Paredes A, Rojo-Ramos J, Garcia-Gordillo M, Adsuar J. Rehabilitation Is the Main Topic in Virtual and Augmented Reality and Physical Activity Research: A Bibliometric Analysis. Sensors 2023;23(6):2987 View
  39. Roman N, Baseanu C, Tuchel V, Nicolau C, Repanovici A, Manaila A, Minzatanu D, Miclaus R. The Benefits of Combining Mixed Virtual Reality Exergaming with Occupational Therapy for Upper Extremity Dexterity. Electronics 2023;12(6):1431 View
  40. Liu H, Cheng Z, Wang S, Jia Y. Effects of virtual reality-based intervention on depression in stroke patients: a meta-analysis. Scientific Reports 2023;13(1) View
  41. Voinescu A, Petrini K, Stanton Fraser D. Presence and simulator sickness predict the usability of a virtual reality attention task. Virtual Reality 2023;27(3):1967 View
  42. Hung L, Mann J, Wallsworth C, Upreti M, Kan W, Temirova A, Wong K, Ren H, To-Miles F, Wong J, Lee C, Kar Lai So D, Hardern S. Facilitators and Barriers to Using Virtual Reality and its Impact on Social Engagement in Aged Care Settings: A Scoping Review. Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine 2023;9 View
  43. Medeiros C, Santos J, Restrepo D, Araújo Farias L, Pacheco T, Cavalcanti F. Usability of exergames as a home-based balance training tool for older adults: protocol for a systematic review. BMJ Open 2023;13(4):e069567 View
  44. Hao J, Chen Z, Remis A, He Z. Virtual Reality-Based Rehabilitation to Restore Motor Function in People with Amputation: A Systemic Literature Review. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2022 View
  45. Jiang Y, Wang J. Technological Innovations and Data-Driven Support for Older Adults. JMIR Aging 2023;6:e48547 View
  46. Kalantari S, Xu T, Mostafavi A, Kim B, Dilanchian A, Lee A, Boot W, Czaja S, Pak R. Using Immersive Virtual Reality to Enhance Social Interaction Among Older Adults: A Cross-Site Investigation. Innovation in Aging 2023;7(4) View
  47. Lim K, McGuckian T, Cole M, Duckworth J, Wilson P. User experience of mixed reality applications for healthy ageing: A systematic review. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace 2023;17(4) View
  48. Arntz A, Weber F, Handgraaf M, Lällä K, Korniloff K, Murtonen K, Chichaeva J, Kidritsch A, Heller M, Sakellari E, Athanasopoulou C, Lagiou A, Tzonichaki I, Salinas-Bueno I, Martínez-Bueso P, Velasco-Roldán O, Schulz R, Grüneberg C. Technologies in Home-Based Digital Rehabilitation: Scoping Review. JMIR Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies 2023;10:e43615 View
  49. Lampropoulou S, Kellari A, Sakellari V. Impact of Exercise Guidance Timing on Physical and Cognitive Function in Older Adults: A Pilot Study. Applied Sciences 2023;13(17):9526 View
  50. Zak M, Wasik M, Sikorski T, Aleksandrowicz K, Miszczuk R, Courteix D, Dutheil F, Januszko-Szakiel A, Brola W. Rehabilitation in Older Adults Affected by Immobility Syndrome, Aided by Virtual Reality Technology: A Narrative Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2023;12(17):5675 View
  51. Tiwari G, Shukla A, Singh A, Tiwari R. Computer Simulation for Effective Pharmaceutical Kinetics and Dynamics: A Review. Current Computer-Aided Drug Design 2024;20(4):325 View
  52. Asthana S, Prime S. The role of digital transformation in addressing health inequalities in coastal communities: barriers and enablers. Frontiers in Health Services 2023;3 View
  53. Drazich B, McPherson R, Gorman E, Chan T, Teleb J, Galik E, Resnick B. In too deep? A systematic literature review of fully‐immersive virtual reality and cybersickness among older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2023;71(12):3906 View
  54. Cella M, Tomlin P, Robotham D, Green P, Griffiths H, Stahl D, Valmaggia L. Virtual reality supported therapy for the negative symptoms of schizophrenia: the V-NeST feasibility RCT. Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation 2023:1 View
  55. Napetschnig A, Brixius K, Deiters W. Development of a Core Set of Quality Criteria for Virtual Reality Applications Designed for Older Adults: Multistep Qualitative Study. Interactive Journal of Medical Research 2023;12:e45433 View
  56. Marks R. Artificial intelligence and rehabilitation: what’s new and promising. International Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Journal 2023;8(2):135 View
  57. Revenäs Å, Ström L, Cicchetti A, Ehn M. Towards multimodal boosting of motivation for fall-preventive physical activity in seniors: An iterative development evaluation study. DIGITAL HEALTH 2023;9 View
  58. Khan S, Naeem M, Tania M, Refat N, Rahman M, Patwary M. A modified mental state assessment tool for impact analysis of virtual reality-based therapeutic interventions in patients with cognitive impairment. DIGITAL HEALTH 2023;9 View
  59. Rmadi H, Maillot P, Artico R, Baudouin E, Hanneton S, Dietrich G, Duron E. Tolerance of immersive head-mounted virtual reality among older nursing home residents. Frontiers in Public Health 2023;11 View
  60. Appel L, Appel E, Kisonas E, Lewis-Fung S, Pardini S, Rosenberg J, Appel J, Smith C. Evaluating the Impact of Virtual Reality on the Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia and Quality of Life of Inpatients With Dementia in Acute Care: Randomized Controlled Trial (VRCT). Journal of Medical Internet Research 2024;26:e51758 View
  61. Welch V, Ghogomu E, Barbeau V, Dowling S, Doyle R, Beveridge E, Boulton E, Desai P, Huang J, Elmestekawy N, Hussain T, Wadhwani A, Boutin S, Haitas N, Kneale D, Salzwedel D, Simard R, Hébert P, Mikton C. Digital interventions to reduce social isolation and loneliness in older adults: An evidence and gap map. Campbell Systematic Reviews 2023;19(4) View
  62. Séba M, Maillot P, Hanneton S, Dietrich G. Influence of Normal Aging and Multisensory Data Fusion on Cybersickness and Postural Adaptation in Immersive Virtual Reality. Sensors 2023;23(23):9414 View
  63. Gómez Bergin A, Craven M. Virtual, augmented, mixed, and extended reality interventions in healthcare: a systematic review of health economic evaluations and cost-effectiveness. BMC Digital Health 2023;1(1) View
  64. Eost-Telling C, Yang Y, Norman G, Hall A, Hanratty B, Knapp M, Robinson L, Todd C. Digital technologies to prevent falls in people living with dementia or mild cognitive impairment: a rapid systematic overview of systematic reviews. Age and Ageing 2024;53(1) View
  65. Al-Gotaumel H, Al-Madi E. Effectiveness of Virtual Reality in Improving Oral Health. Multimedia Tools and Applications 2024;83(26):67407 View
  66. Ylönen M, Stolt M, Kohanová D, Suhonen R. Older individuals' perspectives on the prerequisites for living at home: A mixed‐methods systematic review. International Journal of Older People Nursing 2024;19(2) View
  67. Ramalho A, Duarte-Mendes P, Paulo R, Serrano J, Petrica J. Crossing the digital frontier: are older adults ready for virtual reality workouts?. Frontiers in Public Health 2024;12 View
  68. Sandhu M, Silvera-Tawil D, Borges P, Zhang Q, Kusy B. Internet of robotic things for independent living: Critical analysis and future directions. Internet of Things 2024;25:101120 View
  69. Wang L. Effects of semi-immersive virtual reality exercise on the quality of life of community-dwelling older adults: Three-month follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. DIGITAL HEALTH 2024;10 View
  70. Shrivastava S, Gajbe U, Singh B, Shrivastava P, Bankar N. Exploring the Role of Technology in the Implementation of Social Accountability in Medical Education: A Brief Review. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences 2024;16(Suppl 3):S1903 View
  71. Lee J, Phu S, Lord S, Okubo Y. Effects of immersive virtual reality training on balance, gait and mobility in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gait & Posture 2024;110:129 View
  72. Chae D, Asami K, Kim J, Kim K, Ryu J, Doorenbos A. Home-based walking intervention for middle-aged migrant women using 360-degree virtual videos and a wearable activity tracker: A mixed-methods pilot study. Research in Community and Public Health Nursing 2024;35:10 View
  73. Herath H, Mittal M, Kataria A. Navigating the metaverse: A technical review of emerging virtual worlds. WIREs Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery 2024;14(4) View
  74. Acton D, Arnold R, Williams G, NG N, Mackay K, Jaydeokar S. Co-design and pilot of a virtual reality intervention to improve mental and physical healthcare accessibility for people with intellectual disability. Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities 2024;18(2):63 View
  75. Holloway H, Conroy B, Isbel S, D’Cunha N. Immersive virtual reality in the promotion of health and well-being for people in residential aged care without cognitive impairment: A scoping review. DIGITAL HEALTH 2024;10 View
  76. Rumzie M, Figura C. Use of Virtual Reality Therapy (VRT) for Home-Based Pain Management, an Observational Cohort Study. Journal of Medical Extended Reality 2024;1(1):93 View
  77. Szczepocka E, Mokros Ł, Kaźmierski J, Nowakowska K, Łucka A, Antoszczyk A, Oltra-Cucarella J, Werzowa W, Hellevik M, Skouras S, Bagger K. Virtual reality-based training may improve visual memory and some aspects of sustained attention among healthy older adults – preliminary results of a randomized controlled study. BMC Psychiatry 2024;24(1) View
  78. Rybenská K, Knapová L, Janiš K, Kühnová J, Cimler R, Elavsky S. SMART technologies in older adult care: a scoping review and guide for caregivers. Journal of Enabling Technologies 2024;18(4):200 View
  79. Johansen H, Hermansen B, Helgesen A. Experiences with the Use of Video Bikes and Virtual Reality in Nursing Homes – a Qualitative Study. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare 2024;Volume 17:2511 View
  80. Szczepocka E, Mokros Ł, Kazmierski J, Nowakowska K, Łucka A, Antoszczyk A, Oltra-Cucarella J, Werzowa W, Hellevik M, Skouras S, Bagger K. The Effectiveness of Virtual Reality–Based Training on Cognitive, Social, and Physical Functioning in High-Functioning Older Adults (CoSoPhy FX): 2-Arm, Parallel-Group Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Research Protocols 2024;13:e53261 View
  81. Siette J, Adam P, Harris C. Acceptability of virtual reality to screen for dementia in older adults. BMC Geriatrics 2024;24(1) View
  82. Li Y, Muschalla B. Virtual Reality Mental Health Interventions in Geriatric Care for Functional or Well-being Enhancement – A Scoping Review. Die Rehabilitation 2024;63(04):209 View
  83. Początek G, Wyszomirska J, Segiet N. Cognitive training for Alzheimer’s disease. Aktualności Neurologiczne 2023;23(4):138 View
  84. Wang X, Xu W, Fu J, Wang X. Somatosensory game intervention experience among prefrail older adults in the community: A qualitative study. Public Health Nursing 2024;41(5):1106 View
  85. Litvina L, Koneva E. Efficacy of different postural control training in elderly people with chronic cerebral ischemia. Regenerative biotechnologies, preventive, digital and predictive medicine 2024;1(2):42 View
  86. Ng W, Ang W, Fukahori H, Goh Y, Lim W, Siah C, Seah B, Liaw S. Virtual reality‐based reminiscence therapy for older adults to improve psychological well‐being and cognition: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2024 View
  87. Qiu T, Zhang G, Zhou F, Jiang H. Application of virtual reality to enhance therapeutic Tai Chi for depression in elderly people. Acta Psychologica 2024;248:104316 View
  88. Medeiros C, Farias L, Santana M, Pacheco T, Dantas R, Cavalcanti F, Akaras E. A systematic review of exergame usability as home-based balance training tool for older adults usability of exergames as home-based balance training. PLOS ONE 2024;19(8):e0306816 View
  89. Benham S, Cruz A, Oliva A, Osol F, Strona E, Kolakowsky-Hayner S, Potter A. Feasibility and Usability of an Occupation-Based Immersive Virtual Reality Protocol for Older Adults. Journal of Ageing and Longevity 2024;4(3):274 View
  90. Kwan R, Liu J, Sin O, Fong K, Qin J, Wong J, Lai C. Effects of Virtual Reality Motor-Cognitive Training for Older People With Cognitive Frailty: Multicentered Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2024;26:e57809 View
  91. Wang P, Ali N, Sarker M. A Bibliometric Analysis Exploring the Acceptance of Virtual Reality among Older Adults: A Review. Computers 2024;13(10):262 View
  92. Mahmoud A. Aging in the Digital Age: Public Beliefs About the Potential of Virtual Reality (VR) for the Aging Population. Journal of Macromarketing 2024 View
  93. Kershner K, Morton D, Robison J, N'dah K, Fanning J. Assessing the Feasibility and Acceptability of Virtual Reality for Remote Group-Mediated Physical Activity in Older Adults: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Formative Research 2024;8:e53156 View
  94. Hyeon R, Oh W. Virtual reality education for preventing safety incidents in pediatric hospital settings: Quasi-experimental design pre-post-testing. Journal of Pediatric Nursing 2025;80:56 View

Books/Policy Documents

  1. Robertson B, Kee K. The International Encyclopedia of Health Communication. View
  2. Niwa M. Mobile Health (mHealth). View
  3. Gómez-Gómez M, Bueno-Delgado M, Albaladejo-Pérez C, Koch V. Smart Objects and Technologies for Social Good. View
  4. Muñoz J, Montoya M, Boger J. Smart Home Technologies and Services for Geriatric Rehabilitation. View
  5. Cavalcante D, da Fonseca G, Joaquim S, Simões S. Digital Therapies in Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Mental Health. View
  6. Choi J, Jung M, Kim J. Digital Health Transformation, Smart Ageing, and Managing Disability. View
  7. Dilanchian A, Prevratil M, Boot W. HCI International 2023 Posters. View
  8. Huang K. Wisdom, Well-Being, Win-Win. View
  9. Napetschnig A, Deiters W. Technologien und Technologiemanagement im Gesundheitswesen. View