Detecting Motor Impairment in Early Parkinson’s Disease via Natural Typing Interaction With Keyboards: Validation of the neuroQWERTY Approach in an Uncontrolled At-Home Setting

Teresa Arroyo-Gallego   ^{1, 2, 3, 4} , MSc ;   María J Ledesma-Carbayo   ^{2, 3} , PhD ;   Ian Butterworth   ⁵ , MSc ;   Michele Matarazzo   ^{6, 7, 8, 9} , MD ;   Paloma Montero-Escribano   ¹⁰ , MD ;   Verónica Puertas-Martín   ⁷ , PhD ;   Martha L Gray   ^{1, 5} , PhD ;   Luca Giancardo   ^{5, 11 *} , PhD ;   Álvaro Sánchez-Ferro   ^{5, 6, 7, 8, 12 *} , MD, PhD

¹ Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States

² Biomedical Image Technologies, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

³ Biomedical Research Networking Centre thematic area of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Madrid, Spain

⁴ nQ Medical Inc, Cambridge, MA, United States

⁵ Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States

⁶ Centro Integral de Neurociencias A.C., Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Móstoles, Spain

⁷ Neurology Department, Instituto de Investigación del Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain

⁸ Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Madrid, Spain

⁹ Pacific Parkinson’s Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

¹⁰ Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain

¹¹ Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States

¹² Medical School, CEU-San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain

*these authors contributed equally