Responsiveness, Reliability, and Minimally Important and Minimal Detectable Changes of 3 Electronic Patient-Reported Outcome Measures for Low Back Pain: Validation Study

Robert Froud   ^{1, 2} , PhD ;   Carol Fawkes   ³ , PhD ;   Jonathan Foss   ^{1, 4} , PhD ;   Martin Underwood   ¹ , MBChB, MD (UK) ;   Dawn Carnes   ^{3, 5} , PhD

¹ Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom

² Institute of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway

³ Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom

⁴ Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom

⁵ Faculty of Health, University of Applied Sciences and the Arts, Western Switzerland, Switzerland