Published on in Vol 27 (2025)

1 Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
2 Binzhou Municipal Health Commission, Binzhou, China
3 NHC Key Lab of Health Economics and Policy Research, Shandong University, Jinan, China
4 Shandong Provincial Key New Think Tank, Center for Health Management and Policy Research, Shandong University, Jinan, China
5 Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
*these authors contributed equally
