Published on in Vol 27 (2025)

1 Department of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
2 Department of Health Systems Science, Kaiser Permanente, Honolulu, HI, United States
3 Kaiser Permanente Bernard J Tyson School of Medicine, Pasadena, CA, United States
4 Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
5 Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Informatics and Digital Transformation (DoC-IT), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
*these authors contributed equally
