Comparison of the Working Alliance in Blended Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Treatment as Usual for Depression in Europe: Secondary Data Analysis of the E-COMPARED Randomized Controlled Trial

Asmae Doukani   ¹ , MSc ;   Matteo Quartagno   ² , PhD ;   Francesco Sera   ³ , PhD ;   Caroline Free   ¹ , PhD ;   Ritsuko Kakuma   ¹ , PhD ;   Heleen Riper   ⁴ , PhD ;   Annet Kleiboer   ^{5, 6} , PhD ;   Arlinda Cerga-Pashoja   ¹ , PhD ;   Anneke van Schaik   ^{4, 7} , PhD ;   Cristina Botella   ^{8, 9} , PhD ;   Thomas Berger   ¹⁰ , PhD ;   Karine Chevreul   ^{11, 12} , PhD ;   Maria Matynia   ¹³ , PhD ;   Tobias Krieger   ¹⁰ , DPhil ;   Jean-Baptiste Hazo   ^{11, 12} , PhD ;   Stasja Draisma   ¹⁴ , PhD ;   Ingrid Titzler   ¹⁵ , PhD ;   Naira Topooco   ¹⁶ , PhD ;   Kim Mathiasen   ^{17, 18} , PhD ;   Kristofer Vernmark   ¹⁶ , PhD ;   Antoine Urech   ^{10, 19} , PhD ;   Anna Maj   ¹³ , PhD ;   Gerhard Andersson   ^{20, 21, 22} , PhD ;   Matthias Berking   ²³ , MD, PhD ;   Rosa María Baños   ^{9, 24} , PhD ;   Ricardo Araya   ²⁵ , PhD

¹ Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

² Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom

³ Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications “G. Parenti”, University of Florence, Florance, Italy

⁴ Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medial Centre, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

⁵ Department Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

⁶ Amsterdam Public Health Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands

⁷ Academic Department for Depressive Disorders, Dutch Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, Netherlands

⁸ Department of Basic Psychology, Clinical and Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain

⁹ Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

¹⁰ Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

¹¹ Unité de Recherche Clinique in Health Economics, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France

¹² Health Economics Research Unit, Inserm, University of Paris, Paris, France

¹³ Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University, Warsaw, Poland

¹⁴ Department on Aging, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction (Trimbos Institute), Utrecht, Netherlands

¹⁵ Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany

¹⁶ Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

¹⁷ Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

¹⁸ Centre for Digital Psychiatry, Mental Health Services of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

¹⁹ Department of Neurology, Inselspital Bern, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland

²⁰ Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

²¹ Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden

²² Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

²³ Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany

²⁴ Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatments, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain

²⁵ Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom