Depression and Anxiety in Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Relation to the Use of Digital Technologies: Longitudinal Cohort Study

Chen Shen   ^{1, 2} , PhD ;   Rachel B Smith   ^{1, 2, 3} , PhD ;   Joel Heller   ^{1, 2} , MSc ;   Alexander D V Spiers   ^{1, 2} , PhD ;   Rhiannon Thompson   ^{1, 2, 4} , PhD ;   Helen Ward   ⁵ , PhD ;   Jonathan P Roiser   ⁶ , PhD ;   Dasha Nicholls   ⁷ , MD ;   Mireille B Toledano   ^{1, 2, 3} , PhD

¹ MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

² National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

³ Mohn Centre for Children’s Health and Wellbeing, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

⁴ National Institute for Health Research School for Public Health Research, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

⁵ Patient Experience Research Centre, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

⁶ Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom

⁷ Department of Brain Sciences, Division of Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom