Examining Human-Smartphone Interaction as a Proxy for Circadian Rhythm in Patients With Insomnia: Cross-Sectional Study

Chen Lin   ¹ , PhD ;   I-Ming Chen   ^{2, 3} , MD, PhD ;   Hai-Hua Chuang   ^{4, 5, 6} , MD ;   Zih-Wen Wang   ¹ , MSc ;   Hsiao-Han Lin   ⁷ , MSc ;   Yu-Hsuan Lin   ^{2, 3, 7} , MD, PhD

¹ Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan

² Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

³ Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

⁴ College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan

⁵ Department of Family Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei Branch and Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan

⁶ Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan

⁷ Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan