The NORDeHEALTH 2022 Patient Survey: Cross-Sectional Study of National Patient Portal Users in Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Estonia

Maria Hägglund   ^{1, 2 *} , PhD ;   Anna Kharko   ^{1, 2, 3 *} , PhD ;   Josefin Hagström   ^{1, 2} , MSc ;   Annika Bärkås   ^{1, 2} , MSc ;   Charlotte Blease   ^{1, 2, 4} , PhD ;   Åsa Cajander   ⁵ , PhD ;   Catherine DesRoches   ⁴ , DrPH ;   Asbjørn Johansen Fagerlund   ⁶ , PhD ;   Barbara Haage   ⁷ , MA ;   Isto Huvila   ⁸ , PhD ;   Iiris Hörhammer   ⁹ , DSc ;   Bridget Kane   ¹⁰ , PhD ;   Gunnar O Klein   ¹¹ , MD, PhD ;   Eli Kristiansen   ⁶ , ME ;   Kerli Luks   ⁷ , MD ;   Jonas Moll   ¹¹ , PhD ;   Irene Muli   ^{1, 2} , MSc ;   Eline Hovstad Raphaug   ⁶ , MSc ;   Hanife Rexhepi   ¹² , PhD ;   Sara Riggare   ^{1, 2} , PhD ;   Peeter Ross   ⁷ , MD, PhD ;   Isabella Scandurra   ¹¹ , PhD ;   Saija Simola   ⁹ , MSc ;   Hedvig Soone   ⁷ , MSc ;   Bo Wang   ⁶ , MSc ;   Maedeh Ghorbanian Zolbin   ⁹ , MBA ;   Rose-Mharie Åhlfeldt   ¹² , PhD ;   Sari Kujala   ^{9 *} , PhD ;   Monika Alise Johansen   ^{6, 13 *} , PhD

¹ Participatory eHealth and Health Data Research Group, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

² Medtech Science & Innovation Centre, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden

³ School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom

⁴ Department of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States

⁵ Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

⁶ Norwegian Centre for E-Health Research, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway

⁷ E-Medicine Centre, Department of Health Technologies, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia

⁸ Department of Archives, Libraries & Museums, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

⁹ Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland

¹⁰ Business School, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden

¹¹ Centre for Empirical Research on Information Systems, School of Business, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

¹² School of Informatics, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden

¹³ Department of Clinical Medicine, Telemedicine and E-health Research Group, Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway

*these authors contributed equally