Effectiveness of Public Health Digital Surveillance Systems for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control at Mass Gatherings: Systematic Review

Noha Maddah   ^{1, 2} , BSc, MSc, MPH ;   Arpana Verma   ³ , MBChB, MPH, PhD ;   Maryam Almashmoum   ^{1, 4} , BA, MSc ;   John Ainsworth   ¹ , MSc, PhD

¹ Division of Informatics Imaging and Data Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Centre for Health Informatics, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

² Department of Health Services and Hospitals Administration, Faculty of Economics and Administration, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

³ Division of Population Health, Health Services Research & Primary Care, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

⁴ Nuclear Medicine Department, Faisal Sultan Bin Eissa, Kuwait Cancer Control Center, Kuwait, Kuwait