Factors Associated With Longitudinal Psychological and Physiological Stress in Health Care Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Observational Study Using Apple Watch Data

Robert P Hirten   ^{1, 2} , MD ;   Matteo Danieletto   ² , PhD ;   Lewis Tomalin   ³ , PhD ;   Katie Hyewon Choi   ³ , MS ;   Micol Zweig   ² , MPH ;   Eddye Golden   ² , MPH ;   Sparshdeep Kaur   ² , BBA ;   Drew Helmus   ¹ , MPH ;   Anthony Biello   ¹ , BA ;   Renata Pyzik   ⁴ , MS ;   Claudia Calcagno   ⁴ , MD, PhD ;   Robert Freeman   ⁵ , MSN ;   Bruce E Sands   ¹ , MD ;   Dennis Charney   ^{6, 7} , MD ;   Erwin P Bottinger   ² , MD ;   James W Murrough   ^{7, 8} , MD ;   Laurie Keefer   ¹ , PhD ;   Mayte Suarez-Farinas   ³ , PhD ;   Girish N Nadkarni   ^{2, 9} , MD ;   Zahi A Fayad   ⁴ , PhD

¹ The Dr Henry D Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States

² The Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States

³ Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Center for Biostatistics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States

⁴ Department of Diagnostic, Molecular and Interventional Radiology, The BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States

⁵ Institute for Healthcare Delivery Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States

⁶ Office of the Dean, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States

⁷ Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States

⁸ Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States

⁹ The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States